Mexico

National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure (ENIGH, in Spanish)

Meeting of the Group of Experts on Measuring Poverty and Inequality | 28-29 November 2023

Óscar Joaquín Ramírez Álvarez

Deputy Director of Conceptual Design and Income and Expenses Validation Statistics

UNECE

Survey “Income

and expenses of a

working-class

family during the

week ending today,

1914.”

INEGI assumed control of

ENIGH in 1984.

Until 2022, there had been 16

editions of the survey.

1984-2022

In 2012, it was

declared Information

of National Interest.

The first survey with

scientific sampling

methods: “Survey of

Income and Expenditures

of the Population of

Mexico, 1956.”

Several surveys were

conducted regarding family

income and expenses.

1914

The new version of

the Family Income

and Expense Survey.

1975 19771956

The first edition of the

ENIGH.

The immediate antecedent

of ENIGH 1984.

1960-1970

Background

ENIGH responds to an information need

Mexico was the first country to establish an official multidimensional poverty measurement. This means that, in addition to considering the inadequacy of economic resources, it considers several additional dimensions on which social policy should focus.

According to the General Law of Social Development, guidelines and criteria on defining, identifying, and measuring poverty, issued by CONEVAL1, are mandatory for any Mexican institution that executes social development programs.

CONEVAL should use the information generated by Mexico’s National Statistics Office to estimate poverty and must update that estimation every two years at the national and state levels and every five years at the municipality level.

1National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL, by its Spanish acronym).

UNECE

6

8

51

4 Poverty measurement should include at least,

eight indicators:

current per capita income

2

3

4

7

educational gap

access to health services

access to social security

quality and spaces of

the dwelling

access to essential

services in the housing

access to food

ENIGH generates all of them

and the degree of

social cohesion

1. Present an overview of the behavior of income and expenditure at the household level in terms

of amount, origin, and distribution.

2. Additionally, ENIGH provides information on labor participation and the socio-demographic

characteristics of household members. It also includes information on dwelling characteristics and

equipment.

INEGI-UCSD SEMINAR SERIES

Survey Goals

3. Initially, the design of the ENIGH focused on the need to

provide information about spending patterns. However, the

data collected by the survey has had many other uses in the

last few years: studies on socioeconomic levels of the

population, monitoring of SDG indicators, market studies,

and poverty measurement.

4. This data source is designed to generate a rigorous

diagnosis.

METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS

UNECE

Main methodological characteristics

UNECE

Characteristic Description

Target population All households within the country's boundaries.

Observation unit The dwelling, the households and their usual residents.

Geographical coverage

The survey is designed to provide results at the following levels:

• National

• Each of the 32 states

• At the state level, for urban and rural domains.

Sample Design

• Probabilistic: The sampling units have a known probability different from zero of being

selected.

• Conglomerates: Also called primary sampling units (PSU), they are built by joining blocks in

urban areas, or, where appropriate, specific blocks or localities in rural areas. All the PSU

have a similar weight of dwellings units.

• Stratified: The PSU with similar characteristics are grouped.

• Double stage: In the first stage we select PSU through probabilities proportional to size, in

the second stage we select homes within the PSU

Sample size 105,525 dwellings (the largest in the history of the survey since 2020).

Survey date From August 21 to November 28, 2022.

UNECE

The questionnaires and booklet used in the

ENIGH 2022

Questionnaire of households and housing

Household expenses questionnaire

Questionnaire for people aged 12 and over

Questionnaire for home businesses

Questionnaire for people under 12 years old

Booklet of daily expenses

WEALTHREGULARITY

Income sources must be regular

and subject to an uninterrupted

flow in each period.

AVAILABILITY

Income sources must contribute

to economic well-being; that is,

they must be available to

purchase goods and services

that the household can use.

These income sources should not

include the flows that modify the

net wealth or the net value of the

assets and debts of the

household.

INCLUSION CRITERIA EXCLUSION CRITERIA

Conceptual Design

Total income is made up of total current income and the

total income financial assets and capital.

The total current income of households is formed by the inputs that satisfy these three criteria:

• Remunerations for subordinate work.

• Wages, cash bonuses, and overtime wages.

• Income of the self-employed.

• Family enterprises and the self-employed.

• Other work income.

• Other jobs different from the primary and secondary

occupations.

• Income from assets.

• Interests and dividends from investment in an

enterprise where the investor does not work.

• Income from transfers.

UNECE

Current monetary

income

1. Income from work

2. Revenue of property

3. Transfers

UNECE

Monetary income from transfers

Variables included under this concept are:

 Retirements and pensions.

 Scholarships from government and institutions.

 Donations of money from institutions or another household.

 Income from other countries.

 Benefits from government programs.

UNECE

Non-monetary current income:

Self-consumption:

An estimate of the value of the products and services taken from the family

enterprise for household consumption.

In-kind remuneration:

An estimate of the value of the products and services that workers receive as

payment for their work.

In-kind transfers:

An estimate of the value of the transfers in goods and services a household

receives, whether from other households, the government, or a private institution.

Estimated rent value of their own home:

An estimate of the rent cost if the dwelling did not belong to the household.

1. Food, beverages, and tobacco;

2. Clothing and footwear;

3. Housing and conservation services; Electric power and fuels;

4. Items and services for cleaning and care of the house: glassware,

whites, and household utensils; household goods and furniture;

5. Health expenditure;

6. Transportation expenditure; acquisition, maintenance, accessories,

vehicles services; and communications;

7. Expenditure on education, leisure items, and services; Tour and

Party Packages, Lodging and Accommodation;

8. Personal care; accessories, personal effects, and other

miscellaneous expenditures;

9. Expenditure other transfers.

UNECE

By composition,

the current

monetary

expenditure of

households is

grouped into

nine items:

UNECE

Social transfers in ENIGH

Social transfers in all its modalities represent just over half of the entire budget that is spent on social protection

in Mexico

These transfers are aimed to reduce poverty in the country.

ENIGH considers that transfers are monetary entries received by household

members and for which the provider or donor does not demand compensation of any

kind.

The variables included under this concept are:

 Retirements and pensions;

 Scholarships from government and institutions;

 Donations of money from institutions or another household;

 Income from other countries;

 Benefits from government programs;

 Social Transfers In-kind (STIK) from other households (gifts);

 In-kind transfers from institutions.

Social transfers

Regarding retirement or pension, transfers refer to those from mixed contribution systems or schemes derived from contributions made by employers, workers, and the government.

In all cases, the informant estimates the value of in-kind transfers based on the retail market value of the goods or services he received.

The supports are considered as social transfers in-kind (STIK) or cash, depending on how the support is granted. STIK contributes to the increase in disposable income. These transfers benefit population groups in different ways.

Excluding STIK from the definition of income affects the international comparison.

 Informant estimates the value of STIK.

Social transfers by the Mexican government:

In the monetary income from transfers section, ENIGH captures the following items:

Benito Juárez Basic Education Scholarship for Well-being (formerly PROSPERA) (P101)

A program that provides financial assistance to families with economic needs and children enrolled in preschool, primary, or secondary education in any modality.

Each family is eligible for only one scholarship, regardless of the number of family members or their level of education. The scholarship is disbursed to the mother, father, or guardian via a bank card or at service desks in areas without bank coverage.

Social transfers by the Mexican government:

Benito Juárez Universal High School Scholarship (formerly PROSPERA) (P102)

A program that provides monetary support to the low- income population enrolled in public higher education institutions of the National Education System, prioritizing the indigenous community living in poverty or vulnerable conditions.

Young People Writing the Future (Higher Education) (P103)

A program targeting poor or vulnerable populations in areas with high violence rates. Including indigenous and Afro-descendant students enrolled in priority higher education institutions of the National Education System.

Benefits PROCAMPO Benefit/ProAgro Productive/Production for Well-being (P043)

A program to support small and medium-sized producers to increase productivity and achieve food self-sufficiency in maize, beans, rice, bread-making wheat, milk, meat, fishery, and aquaculture products.

Pension Program for the Well-being of the Elderly (formerly Program 65 and over) (P104)

A federal government program is available to provide financial assistance to senior adults 68 years or older nationwide. The program also extends its benefits to those aged 65 years or above who reside in indigenous areas. Additionally, senior adults aged 65 to 67 who are active beneficiaries in the Registry of Beneficiaries of the Pension Program as of December 2018 can also avail of the program's benefits.

Social transfers by the government:

Benefit from other programs for older adults (P045)

 Money support that the state or municipal government grants to people over 60 years.

Pension Program for the Well-being of Persons with Permanent Disabilities (P105)

This program offers financial assistance to individuals with permanent disabilities between the ages of 0 and 29 residing in municipalities and urban areas with high and very high marginalization. It also provides financial support to indigenous people with disabilities aged 0 to 64 years who live in the same conditions.

Social transfers by the government:

Support Program for the Well-being of Children of Working Mothers (formerly Children's Stays) (P106)

A program that offers financial assistance to single parents or guardians who work seek employment, or study and are not eligible for direct or kinship to social security benefits, specifically for childcare and labor support.

Life Insurance for Female Heads of Household (P107)

Program that provides financial support to children, adolescents, and young people who are orphans of their mothers, up to 23 years of age (one day before their 24th birthday), who are studying in the National Education System.

Social transfers by the government:

Young People Building the Future (P108)

The monetary scholarship program is aimed at young individuals aged between 18 and 29 who are neither studying nor employed. The scholarship aims to allow them to train for one year in companies, public institutions, and social organizations. This program prioritizes young people living in areas with a majority indigenous population, high degree of marginalization, and high rates of violence.

Benefits of other social programs (Specify) (P048)

These benefits include bonuses or donations from public institutions, such as support programs for vulnerable groups such as people with disabilities single mothers, and government cards for heads of household.

Social transfers by the government:

RESULTS

UNECE

UNECE

Distribution of total current income by sources of income

In Mexico, the primary source is income from work with 65.7%, followed by transfers with 17.2%, the estimate of the rental of housing with 11.8%, the revenue of property with 5.2%, and other current income 0.1 percent.

Note: The sum of the partials may not add up to one hundred percent, due to

rounding.

65.7 % 17.2 %

11.8 %

5.2 % 0.1 %

Gini coefficient 2016-2022 26

Gini Coefficient allows appreciating income inequality.

The value of this coefficient for income by deciles of households was 0.402 in 2022.

Furthermore, the Gini Coefficient allows to appreciate the positive effects of transfers on income distribution. If in 2022 there were no transfers of income, the concentration of these would have been higher, because the Gini coefficient would have had a value of 0.46. No transfers With transfers

* Statistically significant difference compared to 2016.

** Other transfers: correspond to monetary aid to

relatives and people outside the household, money

contributions to charitable institutions, payments to

public sector services (issuance of passports,

certificates, licenses, license plates, etc.), as well as

expenses for the purchase of gifts to people outside the

household.

SOURCE: INEGI. National Survey of Household Income

and Expenditure 2016, 2018, 2020 and 2022.

The quarterly average current

monetary expenditure was

1 985.9 USD.

• The food, beverages, and

tobacco sector represented the

largest sector, being

748.3 USD.

• In contrast, the healthcare

sector obtained 66.8 USD.

Quarterly average current monetary expenditure by large expenditure sectors, according to year of survey. (USD)

Expenditure sectors

Averages (USD) Percentage

variation

ENIGH

2016

ENIGH

2018

ENIGH

2020

ENIGH

2022

2016-

2018

2018-

2020

2020-

2022

Current monetary

expenditure 1 908.9 1 945.3 1 694.9 1 985.9 1.9 -12.9 17.2

Education and recreation 237.5 235.6 130.1 194.8 -0.8 -44.8 49.7

Clothing and footwear 88.3 87.2 50.6 75.7 -1.2 -42.0 49.6

Transport and

Communications 369.1 388.1 314.6 383.3 5.2 -18.9 21.8

Food, beverages and

tobacco 670.9 685.1 644.8 748.3 2.1 -5.9 16.0

Personal care 141.1 144 135.7 152.8 2.1 -5.8 12.6

Other transfers** 56 54.5 50.1 54.7 -2.7 -8.0 9.2

Household Cleaning 112.6 114.1 111 120.8 1.4 -2.8 8.9

Housing and services 181.8 185.5 186.1 188.5 2.1 0.3 1.2

Healthcare 51.5 51.1 71.7 66.8 -0.9 40.5 -6.8

THANK YOU!

Национальное обследование доходов и расходов домохозяйств (на испанском ENIGH)

Заседание группы экспертов по измерению бедности и неравенства | 28-29 ноября 2023г

Óscar Joaquín Ramírez Álvarez

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ

ЕЭК ООН

Обследование

доходов и

расходов семей

рабочего класса

на конец недели,

1914.”

INEGI берет контроль над

ENIGH в 1984г.

До 2022г было 16 изданий

обследования.

1984-2022

В 2012г оно было

провозглашено

информацией

представляющей

национальный интерес.

Первое обследование с

применением научных

методов выборки:

«Обследование доходов

и расходов населения

Мексики, 1956г»

Проведено несколько

обследований доходов и

расходов семей.

1914

Новая версия

Обследования

семейных доходов и

расходов.

1975 19771956

Первое издание ENIGH.

Неопсредственный

предшественник ENIGH

1984.

1960-1970

Предыстория

ENIGH отреагировал на потребность в информации

Мексика была первой страной, где установлено официальное измерение многомерной бедности. Это значит, что кроме рассмотрения несостоятельности экономических ресурсов, рассматриваются и несколько дополнительных параметров, на которых должна сосредоточиться социальная политика.

Согласно Генеральному Закону Социального Развития, руководство и критерии для определения, выявления и измерения бедности, разработанные КОНЕВАЛ1, являются обязательными для любого мексиканского учереждения, разрабатывающего программы социального развития.

КОНЕВАЛ должен пользоваться информацией, произведенной Национальным статистическим управлением Мексики для оценки бедности, и обязан обновлять эти оценки раз в два года на национальном и региональном уровне, и раз в 5 лет на муниципальном уровне.

1Национальный совет по оценке политики социального развития (CONEVAL).

UNECE

6

8

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4 Измерение бедности должно включать хотя бы восемь

показателей:

Текущий доход на душу

населения

2

3

4

7

Образовательный разрыв

Доступ к здравоохранению

Доступ к социальной

безопасности

Качество и размеры

жилья

Доступ к необходимым

коммунальным услугам

Доступ к продовольствию

ENIGH разрабатывает их все

Уровень социальной

сплоченности

1. ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ доходов и расходов ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, З ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

2. З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗ, ENIGH ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ трудовому участию и социо-

демографические характеристики ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ. ЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗ.

INEGI-UCSD SEMINAR SERIES

Цели обследования

3. ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ENIGH ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ. ЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ: исследование социо-

экономического уровня населения, мониториг

показателей ЦУР, исследования рынка и измерение

бедности.

4. ЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ создан, чтобы генерировать

жесткую диагностику.

МЕТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ

UNECE

Основные методологические характеристики

UNECE

Характеристика Описание

Целевое население Все домохозяйства, находящиеся в границах страны.

Единица наблюдения Жилье, домохозяйство и его постоянные члены.

Географический охват

Обследование создано чтобы предоставить результаты по следующим уровням:

• Национальный

• По каждому из 32 штатов

• На уровне штата по городским и сельским территориям.

Дизайн выборки

• Вероятностная: Единицы выборки имеют известную вероятность отличную от нуля.

• Многокомпонентная: также называемая первичными выборочными единицами (ПВЕ),

они создаются объединяя районы в городах, или, где возможно, специфичные районы

или области в сельских областях. Все ПВЕ имеют вес схожий с единицами жилья.

• Стратифицированная: ПВЕ с похожими характеристиками объединяются в группы.

• Двуступенчатая: в первой фазе выбираем ПВЕ на основании вероятностей

пропорциональных размерам, во второй - выбираем дома в ПВЕ.

Размер выборки 105,525 жилищных единиц (крупнейшая выборка в истории обследований с 2020г).

Период проведения

обследования С 21 августа до 28 ноября 2022г.

UNECE

Вопросники и буклеты используемые в

ENIGH 2022

Вопросник по домохозяйству и жилью

Вопросник по расходам домохозяйства

Вопросник для лиц в возрасте 12 лет и старше

Вопросник по домашнему бизнесу

Вопросник для детей до 12 лет

Буклет по ежедневным расходам

БОГАТСТВОРЕГУЛЯРНОСТЬ

Источники дохода должны быть

регулярными и обеспечивать

непрерываемый поток в

каждом периоде.

НАЛИЧИЕ

Источники дохода должны

способствовать

экономическому

благосостоянию; то есть

чтобы именно из этих средств

приобретались товары и

услуги для пользования в

домохозяйстве.

Эти источники дохода не

должны включаться в поток,

который изменяет чистое

богатство или чистую стоимость

активов и долгов

домохозяйства.

ИНКЛЮЗИВНЫЕ КРИТЕРИИ КРИТЕРИИ ИСКЛЮЧЕНИЯ

Концептуальный дизайн

Общий доход состоит из общего текущего дохода и

общего дохода от финансовых активов и капитала.

Общий текущий доход домохозяйства формируется из вводных параметров, соответствующих этим

трем критериям:

• ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗ.

• ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

• ЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

• ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

• ЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

• ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

• ЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

• ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ,

ЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

• ЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

UNECE

Текущий

денежный доход

1. Доход от работы

2. Доход от

недвижимости

3. Трансферты

UNECE

Денежный доход от трансфертов

Переменные включенные в рамках данной

концепции:

 ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

 ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

 ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

 ЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗ.

 ЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

UNECE

Неденежный текущий доход: Потребление продуции собственного производства:

ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

Зарплата в натуре:

ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ

ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

Трансферты в натуре:

ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

Установленная стоимость аренды их собственного жилья:

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

1. ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ;

2. ЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗ;

3. ЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ;

4. ЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗ: ЗЗЗЗЗЗ,

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗ;

5. ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ;

6. ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ; ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ;

7. ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ,

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ;

8. ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗ; ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ;

9. ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ

UNECE

По составу

текущие

денежные

расходы

домохозяйства

сгруппированы

по девяти

группам:

UNECE

Социальные трансферты в ENIGH

Социальные трансферты во всех их видах составляют чуть больше половины всего бюджета на

социальную защиту в Мексике

ЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

ENIGH ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ, ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ З ЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ ЗЗЗЗ

ЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗЗ.

Переменные включенные в рамках данной концепции:

 Пособия при выходе на пенсию и пенсии.

 Стипендии от правительства и учереждений.

 Безвозмездная денежная помощь от учереждения или другого домохозяйства.

 Доход из других стран.

 Льготы и пособия от государственных программ.

 Социальные трансферты в натуре (STIK) от других домохозяйств (подарки);

 Социальные трансферты в натуре от учереждений.

Социальные трансферты

Что касается пособий по выходу на пенсию или пенсий, трансферты относятся к выплатам, полученным из систем или схем накопительных взносов, сделанных работодателями, работниками и государством.

Во всех этих случаях трансфертов в натуре носитель информации расчитывает их стоимость на основании рыночной стоимости полученных товаров и услуг.

Содержание рассматривается в качестве социальных трансфертов в натуре (STIK) или наличных, в зависимости от того как это содержание предоставляется. STIK способствует повышению одноразового дохода. Эти трансферты приносят группам населения разную пользу.

Исключая STIK из определения дохода, которое влияет на международное сравнение.

Носитель информации расчитывает стоимость STIK.

Социальные трансферты мексиканского правительства:

В рамках денежного дохода от трансфертов ENIGH фиксирует следующие пункты:

Основная стипендиальная программа Бенито Хуареса (ранее PROSPERA) (P101)

Программа, предоставляющая финансовую поддержку семьям, испытывающим экономические потребности, для детей идущих в детский сад, начальную и среднюю школу любого направления.

Каждая семья может получить только одну стипендию, в независимости от количества членов семьи или их уровня образования. Стипендия выдается на имя матери, отца или опекуна: выплачивается на банковскую карту или выдается наличными в областях, где нет банковского обслуживания.

Социальные трансферты мексиканского правительства:

Универсальная стипендия для средней школы Бенито Хуареса (ранее PROSPERA) (P102)

Программа, предоставляющая денежную поддержку населению с низким уровнем дохода, посещающему государственные учебные заведения среднего образования. Приоритетность имеет коренное население, испытывающее бедность или условия уязвимости.

Стипендия для молодежи (Молодежь создает свое будущее) (Среднее образование) (P103)

Программа предназначена для молодежи или уязвимого населения в районах с высоким уровнем насилия. Включая студентов коренного населения и африканского происхождения, посещающих государственные приоритетные учереждения среднего образования.

Пособия PROCAMPO Пособия для сельскохозяйственного производства/Программы повышения благосостояния (P043)

Программа поддержки малых и средних производителей с целью увеличения объема производства для самообеспечения продуктами питания, такими как маис, фасоль, рис, пшеница, молоко, мясо, рыбная ловля и рыбное хозяйство.

Пенсионные программы для благосостояния пожилых людей (ранее Программа 65+) (P104)

Программа федерального правительства для предоставления финансовой помощи лицам в возрасте 68 лет и старше по всей стране. Программа также предоставляет пособия для людей в возрасте 65 лет и старше, проживающих в районах проживания коренных народов. В дополнение к этому люди в возрасте от 65 до 67 лет, являющиеся благоприобретателями согласно Регистру получателей пенсионной программы от декабря 2018 год, также могут воспользоваться пособиями этой программы.

Социальные трансферты мексиканского правительства:

Пособия из других программ для взрослых (P045)

 Денежная поддержка, предоставляемая государством или муниципалитетом для людей в возрасте 60 лет и выше.

Пенсионная программа для благосостояния лиц с полной инвалидностью (P105)

Данная программа предоставляет финансовую помощь лицам с полной инвалидностью в возрасте от 0 до 29 лет, проживающим в муниципалитетах и городах с высоким и очень высоким уровнем маргинализации. Она также предоставляет финансовую поддержку коренному населению с инвалидностью в возрасте от 0 до 64 лет, проживающего в таких же условиях.

Социальные трансферты правительства:

 Программа поддержки для детей работающих матерей (ранее Children's Stays) (P106)

Программа предлагает финансовую помощь родителям- одиночкам или опекунам-одиночкам, кто работает, ищет работу или учится, но не соответствует напрямую или косвенно для получения пособий социальной безопасности. Помощь предназначается конкретно для ухода за детьми и поддержки в области работы.

 Страхование жизни для женщин возглавляющих домохозяйство (P107)

Программа предоставляет финансовую поддержку детям, подросткам и молодежи, являющимся сиротами, или их матерям в возрасте до 24 лет (программа перестает действовать за день до исполнения 24 лет), учащимся в государственных учебных заведениях.

Социальные трансферты правительства:

Молодежь строит будущее (P108)

Программа денежной стипендии, нацеленная на молодых людей в возрасте от 18 до 29 лет, которые не учатся и не работают. Стипендия предназначена для их практического обучения в течение одного года в компаниях, государственных учереждениях и соцорганизациях. Приоритетное право на программу имеют молодые люди, проживающие в районах с большинством коренного населения, высоким уровнем маргинализации и высоким уровнем насилия.

Пособия других социальных программ (Specify) (P048)

Данные пособия включают бонусы или пожертвования общественных организаций, например программы поддержки уязвимых групп населения, таких как лиц с инвалидностью, матерей-одиночек и государственные карты для глав домохозяйств.

Социальные трансферты правительства:

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ

UNECE

UNECE

Общий текущий доход в разбивке по источникам дохода

В Мексике основной доход поступает от работы (65,7%), затем от трансфертов (17,2%), установленной аренды жилья (11,8%), дохода от недвижимости (5,2%) и других текущих доходов (0,1%).

Note: Сумма долей может не быть точно 100 ввиду округления некоторых

значений

65.7 % 17.2 %

11.8 %

5.2 % 0.1 %

Коэффициент Джини 2016-2022 26

Коэффициент Джини хорошо показывает неравенство доходов.

Значение этого коэффициента для дохода домохозяйства по децилям составляло 0,402 в 2022 году.

Более того, коэффициент Джини позволяет видеть положительные эффекты трансфертов на распределение доходов. Если бы в 2022 году не было дохода от трансфертов, то концентрация доходов была бы выше, и коэффициент Джини составил бы 0,46.

Без трансфертов С трансфертами

* Статистически значительная разница по сравнению с

2016 годом.

** Другие трансферты: соответствует денежной помощи

родственникам и людям не входящим в домохозяйство,

пожертвования на благотворительность, оплата за

общественные услуги (выдача паспортов,

сертификатов, лицензий, номерных знаков и т.п.), а

также расходы на приобретение подарков людям вне

вашего домохозяйства.

ИСТОЧНИК: INEGI. Национальное обследование

доходов и расходов домохозяйств 2016, 2018, 2020 и

2022гг.

Размер средних квартальных

денежных расходов составил

1 985.9 USD.

• Группа, куда входят продукты

питания, напитки и

табачные изделия, показала

самые высокие расходы, а

именно 748.3 USD.

• В противовес ей, группа

расходов на

здравоохранение составила

всего лишь 66.8 USD.

Квартальные средние текущие денежные расходы в разбивке по крупным группам дохода по годам обследований. (USD)

Группа расходов

Среднее (USD) В процентах

ENIGH

2016

ENIGH

2018

ENIGH

2020

ENIGH

2022

2016-

2018

2018-

2020

2020-

2022

Текущие денежные

расходы 1 908.9 1 945.3 1 694.9 1 985.9 1.9 -12.9 17.2

Обучение и отдых 237.5 235.6 130.1 194.8 -0.8 -44.8 49.7

Одежда и обувь 88.3 87.2 50.6 75.7 -1.2 -42.0 49.6

Транспорт и коммуникации 369.1 388.1 314.6 383.3 5.2 -18.9 21.8

Продукты питания, напитки

и табачные изделия 670.9 685.1 644.8 748.3 2.1 -5.9 16.0

Личный уход 141.1 144 135.7 152.8 2.1 -5.8 12.6

Другие трансферты** 56 54.5 50.1 54.7 -2.7 -8.0 9.2

Уход за домом 112.6 114.1 111 120.8 1.4 -2.8 8.9

Жилье и коммунальные

услуги 181.8 185.5 186.1 188.5 2.1 0.3 1.2

Здравоохранение 51.5 51.1 71.7 66.8 -0.9 40.5 -6.8

СПАСИБО!

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland

UNITED NATIONS

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE

CONFERENCE OF EUROPEAN STATISTICIANS

Group of Experts on Measuring Poverty and Inequality

28-29 November 2023

Workshop on Harmonization of Poverty Statistics to

Measure SDG 1 and 10

27 November 2023

Title of contribution National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure (ENIGH)

Author Name(s) Óscar Ramírez

Presenter Name Óscar Ramírez

Presenter Organization National Institute of Statistics and Geography, Mexico’s NSO (INEGI by its

Spanish acronym)

Topic Social policies, social transfers, and data

Mexico was the first country in the world to establish an official multidimensional measurement of

poverty. This means that, in addition to considering the inadequacy of economic resources, it considers

several additional dimensions on which social policy should focus.

Through a methodology that links two approaches: economic well-being and social rights, there is a

conceptually approach to the issue of multidimensional poverty. This approach recognizes that the

impoverished population not only faces economic resource inadequacy but is also vulnerable in the

exercise of their fundamental rights due to a lack of access to food, healthcare, education, social security,

and adequate housing. This approach allows for the development of a comprehensive social framework

grounded in a rights-based perspective, monitoring various dimensions that influence social and human

development, and guiding the formulation of public policies in support of complete and universal social

inclusion.

Based on the General Law of Social Development (LGDS, by its Spanish acronym), it is stipulated that the

data source for this measurement is the INEGI, specifically the National Survey of Household Income and

Expenditure (ENIGH, by its Spanish acronym). This survey aims to provide a statistical overview of

household income and expenditure patterns, including their amounts, origins, and distributions.

Furthermore, it offers insights into the occupational and sociodemographic characteristics of household

members, as well as details about housing infrastructure and household equipment. In this instance, we

present the results of the 2022 edition, conducted from August 21st to November 28th of that year. The

survey is carried out every two years.

Please select your preferred contribution (you may select both options):

☒ Presentation

☐ Paper (to be submitted by 20 October)

Evolution of the training of survey staff to improve the efficiency of the process through the use of an online platform

GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMIC STATISTICS

DEPUTY GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS

SUB-DIRECTORATE OF NEEDS DOCUMENTATION, DESIGN AND PROCESSING OF SPECIAL SURVEYS-Fernando de Lira

June 2023

3

Set of surveys that are carried out in the country with national and international standards and are oriented towards the production of basic economic information, on the main characteristics of companies and establishments in the context of the National System of Statistical and Geographic Information (SNIEG).

Measurement of economy

Integrated System of Surveys in Economic Units (SIEUE)

4National Economic Surveys (NES)

Sector Sample (economic units)

Number of questions per survey

Monthly Annual Total 29,759 Construction 3,957 42 173 Manufactures 8,765 43 124 Trade 6,611 24 133 Services 9,802

31 118

Transport 624 122

The System mainly covers the measurement of 5 sectors of economic activity through National Economic Surveys (NES) that are carried out on a monthly and annual basis. The surveys are collected through 10 questionnaires and are applied to around 30,000 economic units.

5

10 Regional directions

34 State

coordination offices

718 Multisurveys Interviewers*

Territorial structure of the INEGI of the NES

Headquarters

* They collect information from the 5 NES.

Training in the NES 6

The Institute collects monthly information from around 30,000 economic units, from the five surveys, through a structure of more than 700 interviewers located throughout the country; training is carried out annually to train about conceptual and methodological updates.

Face-to-face training in two phases

Phase 1 Headquarters of the

Institute

Phase 2 34 State Coordination

Offices*

34 Department heads

718 Interviewers

Receive the training

* It was combined with the use of computer tools

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) facilitated access to training serving the entire country.

Given the emergence of the contingency by COVID-19, in order to care for staff by avoiding contagion in transfers and groupings, managers of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), visualized the need to increase the use of digital media to give continuity to the generation of statistical information offered by the Institute.

The instructor and facilitator staff adopted new skills to carry out their activities and motivated the trained staff to acquire the necessary skills for their learning.

Training evolution 7

100% online training was strengthened, maintaining quality standards in the collection of information.

ICT became the center of virtual, online, distance and home office education; these have provided new ways of executing each of the tasks carried out in the Institute and have helped the Headquarters and State Coordination Offices Staff to have communication and interaction.

8ICT and training

Work tools

• Excel, Word, PowerPoint Microsoft Office 365

In this sense, there are various tools and instruments that are part of ICT and that have been considered for different purposes

9

Communication tool

Microsoft TEAMS

Application tools

• SICAP platform MOODLE Platform

• FORMS Microsoft 365

ICT tools

Promotion of self-learning, each user can study at their own pace, saving time.

Research skills, the ability to search for reliable information on the Internet is worked on.

Proactivity, each person is responsible for their learning and the facilitator takes the role of guide in the process.

10

Adaptation to the methodologies, resources and didactic strategies.

The information is diversified reaching more people.

Interaction with people from other parts of the country.

Advantages of the use of ICT in training

11

1 The logistics and preparation of online and distance training courses are carried out in several stages. 2 These events are scheduled according to the needs of the topics of the Economic Surveys.

Training logistics1

Analysis of training needs: improvement in didactic exercises on the questionnaires.

Design of the training program2: using the Comprehensive Training System (SICAP) and group video calls (TEAMS) with the participation of subject matter experts and tutors.

Development, organization of content and training materials.

Implementation of the training program: In SCIAP: availability of materials and inputs such as exercises and evaluations on the platform. By group video call (TEAMS) the tutor provides the materials and supplies according to the development of the training.

Evaluation: learning is measured based on the results.

12Comprehensive Training System (SICAP)

Conclusion 13

Online training has made it possible to reduce the time invested during face-to-face training by at least 50%, and almost all of the monetary resource, to clarify doubts in a more inclusive way. On the other hand, the SICAP platform allows greater control over the evaluations, as well as their analysis.

The strategies implemented together with other innovations make it possible to efficiently achieve the objectives and continue to favor the processes of gathering information, maintaining the quality levels of the Institute.

Contacts:

José Arturo Blancas Espejo Director General of Economic Statistics [email protected]

Araceli Martínez Gama Deputy Director General of Economic Surveys [email protected]

Juan Fernando de Lira Delfin Sub-Director of Needs Documentation, Design and Processing of Special Surveys [email protected]

12-14 June 2023

Susana Pérez Cadena

INEGI, México

2023 UNECE Expert Meeting on Statistical Data Collection 'Rethinking Data Collection'

Example of use of paradata for the correct measurement of the progress of the field operation of the Agricultural Census of Mexico

E

The resolution of these problems was found in the use of a paradata

The Agricultural Census (AC22) was carried out in Mexico in 2022, after 15 years of conducting the previous census, in 2007

During the collection of information,

problems arose that needed to be

resolved as operations in the field

progressed.

Because the Agricultural Census must reflect all the

land plots in the country, one of the main challenges

faced by AC22 was the identification and

georeferencing of the land that comprise the

Production Unit (PU)

The framework for the identification and

georeferencing activities was the Master

Framework for Agricultural Sector Statistics (MMESAGRO)

The role of MMESAGRO in the CA22

This implied generating "apparent additions" of land (i.e., land

previously owned by one producer and now managed by a

different producer).

Although the MMESAGRO was very important as a

framework, it was also necessary to update it and provide

feedback based on what was found in the field.

A land plot addition occurred when producers recognized new

land as part of their PU (however, many of the land identified

corresponded to land that previously belonged to other PUs).

Due to the changing dynamics of the agricultural sector, it

was necessary to reconform a significant number of PU’s in

the census framework.

The problem of apparent additions

Although it was expected that there would be a number of "apparent additions", this was higher than expected

Therefore, apparently, the number of land

plots found in the field was substantially

increasing, day by day, compared to the plots

included in the MMESAGRO, which would

generate a bias in the census universe

5 The problem of apparent additions of land

The results

obtained were

analyzed.

It was verified

whether these

additions of land

plots

corresponded to

existing

geostatistical

references or

whether they

corresponded to

new references.

We chose to

use a

paradata:

300'000 cases

were reviewed

tabularly.

Only about 20%

of them were

found to be

actual additions

(i.e., new land

with agricultural

or forestry

activity was

identified).

The use of paradata to solve the problem

6

The rest of the

land was

already

existing and

was only

changing

producers.

New land plots

(actual

additions)

~ 20%

Planned land

plots database

Data table analysis

Land found in the

planned database

(Change of

producer) ~80%

Land plots

“additions”

300,000

8 ,9

6 6

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8

9 ,8

1 0

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3

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3 ,0

3 2

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4 ,8

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,8 2

5

02OCT22 16OCT22 23OCT22 06NOV22 27NOV22 05DIC22 11DIC22 08ENE23 15ENE23 23ENE23 30ENE23 06FEB23 12FEB23 19FEB23 27FEB23

Adjusted Universe

(Initial Universe + Total

additions)

Re-adjusted Universe

(Initial Universe + Actual

additions)

8’310,033

Initial working universe

Percentage of actual additions, applied to total additions

26.0% 26.5% 27.6% 15.5% 16.0% 16.4% 17.2% 18.9% 19.4% 19.7% 19.8%

Using paradata allowed to detect the new real land plots and readjust the framework

Conclusions

From the analysis generated

by the paradata used, it was

possible to estimate the real

universe of plots, and the

progress in the field

operation based on that

number.

Although this estimate was

not exact, it was a good

parameter to be able to

move forward with greater

certainty during the AC22

data collection stage.

This is an example of one of the

many paradata used in the

Agricultural Census in Mexico: a

data obtained from the analysis of

what was happening in the field, in

order to be able to follow without the

large bias that was apparently being

generated.

[email protected]

Some Applications of Web Scraping in the CPI, The case of Gasoline

June 2023

In Big Data we work with: Volume, Speed, Variety, Veracity and Value.

It provides sufficient infrastructure to generate consistent data series

It helps to maintain the continuity of the data collection flow, with basic quality standards

Leverage data based on robust analysis, for its implementation in the Price Index

1

3

2

3

4

Web Scraping

Scanner Data

Citizens´ Statistics

DATA VOLUMES EXTRACTION OF BIG

Since 2018, the appropriate methods and techniques for the recovery of products and prices have been investigated on the websites of different commercial chains.

The begin ning

4

Final stage

What's Next

At the door

The leading drill is gasoline. Data is available for all gas stations in the country since August 2018. Work is underway to incorporate this method into the official calculation.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

WEB SCRAPING IN CPI

Learning

It started with household appliances and white goods. The extraction is carried out in department stores and supermarkets such as: Liverpool, Coppel, Famsa, Wal Mart, Soriana and La Comer.

In 2021, extractions of some services were incorporated: LP Gas • Air transport • Telecommunications In 2021, the extraction will be extended to all the generic foods in the basket offered in supermarkets

By the second half of 2021, extraction would have been extended to all generic food from the basket offered in the chains. New store chains will be incorporated, and data extraction will be distributed by entity.

SUBSYSTEM

GASOLINE

it consists of two generics: • High-octane gasoline (92 octane) • Low-octane gasoline (87 octane))

The sample of gas stations is directed (not probabilistic) consists of 570 service stations in in which prices are quoted once a week, by direct visit.

SUBSYSTEM

GASOLINE

6

Service stations Every day the prices of

12,545 existing gas stations are extracted.

Quoted prices On average, 24,245

gasoline prices are obtained in the extraction: • 12,542 low octane. • 11,703 high-octane.

Twice a day The extraction of the information is done automatically at 8:00 and 16 hrs, bringing about 48,490 daily prices.

7

WEB SCRAPING

GASOLINE PRICES

Matched model method.

The approach of the method is to estimate the price change between two periods using the products available in both time periods only, excluding the prices of new and missing products.

However, it is strengthened by the large surplus of the census of products represented in the complete set of data extracted from the web.

8

INTEGRATION METHODOLOGY

Products available in both periods

tt-1

New products

Missing products

REGIONS CPI

Geographic areas

55 Regions

7 Service stations

1. Northern Border 1,369 2. Northwest 1,101 3. Northeast 1,808 4. North Central 2,299 5. South Central 1,501 6. South 1,019 7. MCMA 1,001

10

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

SCRAPING GASOLINE

South Central (13 AG) 16.2%

CPI REGIONS AND THEIR WEIGHTING

LOW-OCTANE GASOLINE The picture can't be displayed.

11

Northern Border (6 AG) 13.2%

1

2 3

4

5 6

Northwest (5 AG) 9.1%

Northeast (10 AG) 15.0%

MCMA (1 AG) 14.5%

North Central (10 AG) 23.3%

South (10 AG) 8.7%

South Central (13 AG) 15.7%

CPI REGIONS AND THEIR WEIGHTING

HIGH-OCTANE GASOLINE The picture can't be displayed.

12

Northern Border (6 AG) 15.5.%

1

2 3

4

5 6

Northwest (5 AG) 8.5%

Northeast (10 AG) 13.5%

MCMA (1 AG) 21.8%

North Central (10 AG) 15.5%

South(10 AG) 9.5%

13

PERFORMANCE: UNIVERSE OF GAS STATIONS ON THE NORTHERN BORDER

LOW-OCTANE GASOLINE

Scraping: • All gas stations in the cities of the region • Daily quote, twice daily • Matched Model Method • Regional weighted index

Mann-Whitney: Does not reject equal means, paired

sample (p-value 0.825)

Price index

Linear regression

Scraping = 5.30 + 0.95*CPIGasoline R2= 0.996

CPI Published Scraping CPI Sample

Linear regression Scraping = 0.93*CPIGasoline

R2= 0.974

Fortnightly variation (%)

Kolmogorov-Smirnov: Does not reject the same distribution (with p-value

of 0.604)

Levene: Does not reject equality of variance

(with p-value of 0.766)

Cucconi: Does not reject the same trend and

dispersion (with p-value of 0.911)

14

STATISTICAL TESTS LOW-OCTANE GASOLINE NORTHERN BORDER

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

Scraping: • All gas stations in the cities of the region • Daily quote • Matched Model Method • Regional weighted index

Empirical cumulative distribution function for low-octane gasoline

Northern border index

Cu m

ul at

iv e

pr ob

ab ili

ty

Series

Empirical density function low octane

Northern border index

SeriesCPI CPI

15

STATISTICAL TESTS LOW-OCTANE GASOLINE NORTHERN BORDER

FORTNIGHTLY VARIATION

Scraping: • All gas stations in the cities of the region • Daily quote • Matched Model Method • Regional weighted index

Kolmogorov-Smirnov: Does not reject the same distribution (with p-value

of 0.999)

Levene: Does not reject equality of variance

(with p-value of 0.805)

Cucconi: Does not reject the same trend and

dispersion (with p-value of 0.778)

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

-10 -5 0 5 Variación Frontera Norte

Pr ob

ab ilid

ad a

cu m

ula da

Serie INPC Scraping

Función de distribución acumulada empírica gasolina bajo octanajeEmpirical cumulative distribution function for low-octane gasoline

Northern border variation

Cu m

ul at

iv e

pr ob

ab ili

ty

Series

Empirical density function, low octane gasoline

Northern border variation

SeriesCPI CPI

The picture can't be displayed.

16

LOW-OCTANE GASOLINE

STATISTICAL TESTS Indexes

For the seven regions of the CPI, equality tests were carried out for:

• Distribution • Variance • Trend and dispersion • In none of the cases can they be rejected.

Variations

For the seven regions of the CPI, equality tests were conducted for:

• Media • Distribution • Variance • Trend and dispersion • In none of the cases can they be rejected.

Both procedures describe the process that generates prices in the same way, indices describe overlapping curves. On the other hand, the dynamics behind the price developments come from the distribution itself.

17

HIGH OCTANE

GASOLINE

18

PERFORMANCE: SAMPLE OF GAS STATIONS ON THE NORTHERN BORDER

HIGH-OCTANE GASOLINE

Scraping: • Same gas stations of the sample of the region • Daily quote, twice daily • Matched Model Method • Regional weighted index

Mann-Whitney: Does not does not reject equal

means, paired sample (p- value 0.834)

Price index

Linear regression Scraping = 2.90 + 1.04*CPIGasoline

R2= 0.999 CPI Published Scraping CPI Sample

Fortnightly variation (%)

Linear regression

Scraping = 1.01*CPIGasoline R2= 0.963

19

PERFORMANCE : UNIVERSE OF GAS STATIONS ON THE NORTHERN BORDER

HIGH-OCTANE GASOLINE

Scraping: • All gas stations in the cities of the region • Daily quote, twice a day • Matched Model Method • Regional weighted index

Mann-Whitney: Does not reject equal means,

paired sample (p-value 0.376)

Price index

Linear regression

CPI Published Scraping CPI Sample

Scraping = 5.77 + 0.96*CPIGasoline R2= 0.993

Fortnightly variation (%)

Linear regression Scraping = 0.93*CPIGasoline

R2= 0.968

Kolmogorov-Smirnov: Rejects equal distribution

(with p-value of 0.001)

Levene: Does not reject equality of variance

(with p-value of 0.822)

Cucconi: Does not reject the same trend and

dispersion (with p-value of 0.120)

20

STATISTICAL TESTS GASOLINE HIGH OCTANE NORTHERN BORDER

PRICE INDEX

Scraping: • All gas stations in the cities of the

region • Daily quote • Matched Model Method

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

80 90 100 11 Índice Frontera Norte

Pr ob

ab ilid

ad a

cu m

ul ad

a

Serie INPC Scraping

Función de distribución acumulada empírica gasolina alto octanajeEmpirical cumulative distribution function for high-octane gasoline

Northern border variation

Cu m

ul at

iv e

pr ob

ab ili

ty

Series

Empirical density function, High-octane gasoline

Northern border variation

SeriesCPI CPI

21

STATISTICAL TESTS GASOLINE HIGH OCTANE NORTHERN BORDER

FORTNIGHTLY VARIATION

Scraping: • All gas stations in the cities of the region • Daily quote • Matched Model Method • Regional weighted index

Kolmogorov-Smirnov: Does not reject equal

distribution (with p-value of 0.959)

Levene: Does not reject equality of variance

(with p-value of 0.786)

Cucconi: Does not reject the same trend and

dispersion (with p-value of 0.925)

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

-10 -5 0 5 Variación Frontera Norte

Pr ob

ab ilid

ad a

cu m

ul ad

a

Serie INPC Scraping

Función de distribución acumulada empírica gasolina alto octanajeEmpirical cumulative distribution function for high-octane gasoline

Northern border variation

Cu m

ul at

iv e

pr ob

ab ili

ty

Series

Empirical density function, High-octane gasoline

Northern border variation

Series CPI

CPI

The picture can't be displayed.

22

HIGH-OCTANE GASOLINE

STATISTICAL TESTS Indexes

For the seven CPI regions, equality tests were carried out for:

• Distribution • Variance • Trend and dispersion • In Region 2, none can be rejected. In the regions:1, 4, 5, 6 and 7, the equality of distribution is rejected. In Region 3 the equality of distribution and trend are rejected.

Variations

For the seven CPI regions, equality tests were carried out for:

• Mean • Distribution • Variance • Trend and dispersion • In neither cases can they be rejected.

Both procedures describe the process that generates prices equivalently, indices describe parallel or overlapping curves (with the exception of region 3). On the other hand, the dynamics behind the evolution of prices come from the same distribution.

With the statistical tests, it is concluded that it is possible to incorporate the prices obtained by web scraping for generic gasoline into the CPI production calculation.

The prices that the Comision Reguladora de Energía (CRE) publishes represent the universe of gas stations in the 55 geographical areas, using them increases the accuracy in the measurement.

CONCLUSION 23

GRACIAS

25

Generic 1 Fresh Cheese 2 Avocado 3 Rice 4 Courgette 5 Shrimp 6 Pork 7 Beef 8 Onion 9 Chile Poblano

10 Dry Chile 11 Chile Serrano 12 Peach 13 Bean 14 Guava 15 Egg 16 Tomato 17 Milk powder 18 Lettuce and cabbage 19 Lemon 20 Apple

Generic 21 Melon 22 Orange 23 Nopales 24 Other canned fruits 25 Other fruits 26 Other dried legumes 27 Other vegetables and legumes 28 Other fresh chilies 29 Other seafood 30 Other Cheeses 31 Potato and other tubers 32 Papaya 33 Cucumber 34 Pear 35 Fish 36 Pineapple 37 Banana 38 Chicken 39 Yellow Cheese

Generic 40 Manchego and Chihuahua cheese 41 Oaxaca and asadero cheese 42 Watermelon 43 Grape 44 Yogurt 45 Carrot 46 Green tomato 47 Green beans 48 Chayote Squash 49 Chicken and salt concentrates 50 Pasteurized and fresh milk

List of products obtained with Web Scraping

Go Back

Meeting of the Group of Experts on National Accounts (GENA)

Distribution of household income, consumption, and savings

MEDIDCAH: the case of Mexico

April 25-27,2023.

CONTENTS

Distributive

accounts

1

Imputation

methods Callenges

2 3

Main results

4

ObjetivoObjectives

• Present the imputation methods applied to transactions where it is not convenient to use

the microdata from the household survey (ENIGH) for distribution by a household group.

On some occasions, there is no good micro-macro conceptual alignment, or the survey

does not capture elements related to said transactions.

• The National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), in the framework of

complementing the economic indicators available in the country, is participating in this

initiative, presenting the experimental statistics on the "Measurement of the Distribution

of Available Income, Consumption, and Savings of Households (MEDIDCAH)"

developed up to the present.

Distributive accounts

MEDIDCAH

4

Structure of distributive accounts

In Mexico, the distributive accounts are

derived from the macro data of the

household sector measured in the

accounts by institutional sectors. These

accounts are adjusted to the criteria

suggested by the EG DNA guide for

distributive purposes.

6

Data sources

✓ National Accounts

✓ Administrative data

2003 – 2020

The National Accounts are updating their base year, 2018, with a

series of results for 2022.

The ENIGH will publish the results of the 2022

survey in the second semester of this year.

1. Private consumption and NPISH

The private consumption of households is extracted from total expenditure in the internal market, classified by purpose.

2. Non-resident households

The consumption of non- resident households in the economic territory is extracted with information from the Balance of Payments and from the measurements of receptive tourism consumption available in the INEGI tourism satellite account.

3. Rental services

Rental consumption is structured into:

a) effective rent

b) imputed rent

Based on measurements of the informal economy and output produced for own final use from the goods and services accounts.

National Accounts consumption adjust

1

2 3

Consumption adjustment example

NPISH Non residents

consumption

Household

consumption

Private

consumption

Concept 2018 2020 2018 2020 2018 2020 2018 2020 06 Health 573,134 581,974 65,149 68,762 3,176 1,540 504,809 511,672

06.1 Medical products, appliances and equipment 327,143 343,017 - - 2,473 1,199 324,670 341,818

06.2 Out-patient services 135,480 115,088 30,537 32,231 703 341 104,239 82,516 06.3 Hospital services 110,511 123,869 34,611 36,531 - - 75,900 87,338

Micro-Macro conceptual alignment

Conceptual homologation of ENIGH

variables with the SCN (aggregation or

reassignment of concepts).

Comparability between the levels of income and consumption

of the microdata with the totals of the National Accounts,

identifying the discrepancies and gaps between the two

sources of information or elements without counterparts in

the microdata.

Imputation methods evaluation.

Updating of expansion factors for

sociodemographic construction based on

the 2020 Population and Housing

Census.

Ingresos corrientes del hogarCurrent income

Micro-Macro conceptual

alignment and Imputation

methods evaluation

Item Name Imputation

method B2R1 Owner occupied dwellings A

B2R2 Leasing of dwellings A

D11R Wages and salaries A

D121R Employers' actual social contributions (counterpart in D611) B

D41R' Interest received (not adjusted for FISIM) A

D41R_FISIM Adjustment for FISIM (positive sign) B

D42R Distributed income of corporations A

D44R Investment income disbursements A

D441AR Investment income attributable to insurance policyholders A

D441BR Property income received attributed to life insurance policyholders B

D442R Investment income payable on pension entitlements (included in net social contributions paid)

B

D443R Investment income attributable to collective investment funds shareholders

A

D45R Rent received A

D41P Interest paid A

D41P' Interest paid (not adjusted for FISIM) A

D41P_FISIM Adjustment for FISIM (negative sign) B

D45P Rent paid B

D5P Less: Current taxes on income and wealth B

D611P Employers' actual social contributions paid A

D613P+D614P Households' social contributions (actual and supplements) A

D613P Households' actual social contributions B

D61xP Less: Social insurance scheme service charges B

D71P Non-life insurance premiums (including D441AR, see above) A

D75x Miscellaneous current transfers paid of which transfers between resident households

A

D63R1 Education A

D63R2 Health A

Consumption

Micro-Macro conceptual

approval and Imputation

methods evaluation

Item Name Método de

imputación CP010 Food and non-alcoholic beverages A

CP020 Alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and narcotics A

CP030 Clothing and footwear A

CP041 Actual rentals on housing A

CP042 Imputed rentals on housing A

CP043 Maintenance and repair of dwellings A

CP044 Water supply and miscellaneous A

CP045 Electricity, gas, and other fuels A

CP050

Furnishings, household equipment, and routine

maintenance of the house A

CP061 Medical products, appliances, and equipment A

CP062 Out-patient services A

CP063 Hospital services A

CP071 Purchases of vehicles A

CP072 Operation of personal transport equipment A

CP073 Transports services A

CP080 Communications A

CP090 Recreation and Culture A

CP100 Education A

CP110 Restaurants and hotels A

CP12x Miscellaneous (less FISIM, less insurance) A

CP1261 SIFMI B

CP125 Insurances expenditures (life and non-life) A

Imputation estimation

methods

MEDIDCAH

12

Simple calibration

Coefficient = (Total

macro / Total micro)

A

Imputation with

proxy variable

Information is imputed

with the distribution of

another variable

B

Imputation with

exogenous variable

Information is imputed

based on other surveys or

administrative data

C

13

Methods for scaling microdata

ENIGH provides information that allows

scaling with method “A” 44 of the 57

transactions that are not balances.

Code

SNA Description

D441BR Property income received attributed to life insurance policy holders

D442R Investment income payable on pension entitlements

D45P Rent paid

D613P Households' actual social contributions

D614P Households' social contributions supplements

D61xP Social insurance scheme service charges

D63R3 Other STiK

D8R Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements

P33 Final consumption expenditure of resident households abroad

Code

SNA Description

D121R Employers'’ actual social contributions

D5P Current taxes on income and wealth

D63R1 STiK Education

D63R2 STiK Health

Simple calibration

A Method

It consists in that the values ​​of

the micro source transactions

are scaled so that their totals

coincide with the

corresponding sums in the

national accounts.

Item Name 2018 2020

B2R1 Owner occupied dwellings 2.1049 1.9228

B2R2 Leasing of dwellings 1.4842 1.4689

B3R1 Own account production 2.8735 2.5023

B3R2 Underground production 3.6682 3.5637

B3R3 Mixed-income excluding underground and own

account production 79.9441 53.6149

D11R Wages and salaries 1.3050 1.4101

D41R Interest received 39.1968 41.9352

D41R' Interest received (not adjusted for FISIM) 30.1187 33.3061

D42R Distributed income of corporations 10.3657 9.8760

D44R Investment income disbursements 1.8224 4.2847

D443R Investment income attributable to collective

investment funds shareholders 0.4834 0.3816

D45R Rent received 4.0595 1.3705

D611P Employers" actual social contributions paid (see

corresponding item above) 1.4085 1.5570

D612P Employers imputed social contributions paid

(see corresponding item above) 13.5816 7.3031

D71P Non-life insurance premiums (including D441AR

(see above)) 4.0033 2.1129

D72R Non-life insurance claims 243.2974 68.8063

D75R Miscellaneous current transfers received 2.9061 3.3329

D75P Miscellaneous current transfers paid 2.2334 2.0894

D75x of which transfers between resident households

(2008 SNA 8.133) 11.6193 14.6720

D63R1 Education 1.2045 1.1851

D63R2 Health 1.0984 1.2165

The ENIGH provides information that

allows escalation with method "A" in 44

of the 57 transactions that are not

balanced.

15

Identify variables

without

components in the

survey

Can it be

imputed with

administrative

records?

Review definitions

of the SNA and

suggestions of the

group of experts to

impute based on

another variable of

group A

(Method C)

Build variable from

external sources

(Method C)

NO

YES

Imputation with proxy variable, Method B

Receiver Source

Receiver

item Name

Source

item Name

D41R_ FISIM Adjustment for FISIM (positive sign) D41R Interest received

D442R Investment income payable on

pension entitlements D443R

Investment income attributable to

collective investment funds shareholders

D441BR Property income received attributed

to life insurance policyholders D41R Interest received

D41P_FISIM Adjustment for FISIM (negative sign) D41P Interest paid (not adjusted for FISIM)

D45P Rent paid D45R Rent received

D613P Households' actual social

contributions D443R

Investment income is attributable to

collective investment funds shareholders.

D614P Households' social contributions

supplements D443R

Investment income is attributable to

collective investment funds shareholders.

D61xp Social insurance scheme service

charges D612P

Employers imputed social contributions

paid

D63R3 Other social transfers in kind D63R1 Social transfers in kind: Education

P33 Resident households’ expenditure

abroad CP125 Insurances expenditures (life and non-life)

D8R Adjustment for change in pension

entitlements D121R Employers' actual social contributions

Method C Imputation with exogenous variable uses exogenous resources to the primary

sources from the ENIGH, establishing the criterion that the microdata does not exceed the

value of the macroeconomic aggregates calculated in the national accounts.

Imputation to:

Imputation with exogenous variable

Wages and

salaries, for the

distribution of

imputed social

contributions.

Current taxes on income, wealth,

etc.

Social transfers in kind (Stik).

Education Health

17

Hypothetical case of imputation T𝒂𝒙𝒆𝒔 = 𝑻𝒂𝒙𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 − 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝑺𝑹 ∗ 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝑰𝑺𝑹 + 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝑰𝑺𝑹

Method C

Taxable Income 11,605.00 Estimated gross income 11,290.18 Adjusted gross income 11,605.47

­ ISR lower limit 10,031.08 ­ ISR lower limit 10,031.08 ­ ISR lower limit 10,031.08

= Difference 1,573.92 = Difference 1,259.10 = Difference 1,574.39

x ISR rate 17.92 x ISR rate 17.92 x ISR rate 17.92

= Marginal Tax 282.05 = Marginal Tax 225.63 = Marginal Tax 282.13

+ ISR fixed fee 917.26 + ISR fixed fee 917.26 + ISR fixed fee 917.26

= Tax to withhold 1,199.31 = Tax to withhold 1,142.89 = Tax to withhold 1,199.39

Effective perception 10,405.69 Effective perception 10,147.29 Effective perception 10,406.08

Residue -258.41 Residue 0.93

Tax calculation Iteration number 850 Iteration number 1,153

Theoretical calculation Gross income of ENIGH

18

Social transfers in kind (Education) The adjustment process in the microdata uses as exogenous variable administrative records on the enrollment of students

who receive public education by educational level.

In the case of social transfers in kind related to education, the information reported by the Education Minestry was used,

precisely, the records of public spending on education and student enrollment according to their educational level (pre-

primary, primary, secondary, baccalaureate, bachelor's degree, and postgraduates), allowing to have the level of educational

expenditure per student.

Educational expenditure per student by level = 𝑬𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈

𝑺𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒆𝒏𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

When having information from the ENIGH regarding the degree of studies that the household members who said they were

students studying, the measurement of social transfers in kind was determined by multiplying the Educational expenditure

per student by level of education by the number of people studying reported by ENIGH.

TSE(Edu) = 𝑬𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 ∗ 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝑬𝑵𝑰𝑮𝑯)

Where:

TSE(Edu) = Social transfers in kind in educational services

19

Social transfers in kind (Health)

ISFLSH : Individual consumption expenditure on health

Government : Individual consumption expenditure on

health by institution

SCNM

Social transfers in-kind: health

ENIGH 2020

Number of affiliates

48,714,614

9,037,472

35,824,834

1,026,100

Annual per capita expenditure by institution and federal entity

$4,530.39

$5,175.01

$5,515.03

$19,761.05

MAIN

RESULTS 2020

INCOME

Income composition by quintile, 2020

The Mexican society has

mainly income from:

• Employee compensation

31.6 %

• Mixed-income 22.8%

• Property income 20.6%

Composition of households by the main source of income, 2020

• Households with mixed

income and property income

have a preponderance of

primary income representing

83% and 85.1% of income,

respectively.

• Wage and salary dependent

households have a diversity

of income from different

sources.

• Households that mostly

receive transfers have many

sources of income to

supplement total income

Composition of household income by sociodemographic characteristic, 2020

GI: Single under 65; GII: Single over 65; GIII: Single with children at home; GIV: 2 adults under 65 with no children in the Home; GV: 2 adults at least one older than 65 without children in the Home; GVI: 2 adults with less than

three children in the Home; GVII: 2 adults with at least three children in the Home; GVIII: More than two adults with at least one older than 65; GIX: More than two adults without over 65 with at least one child in the

household; GX: Others

• Income patterns are observed that

respond mainly to the age of the

inhabitants of the dwelling, such as

group II, where they live single with

less than 65 years of age, and their

primary source of income is current

transfers with 38.9% participation,

in contrast to the group VI with two

adults and less than three children

have labor income as their primary

source of income.

• In groups IV and IX, the inhabitants

are under 65 years of age and with

no more than two minors or none.

In these groups, labor income and

mixed-income

D63R1 Social transfers in kind of educational

services

• The primary beneficiaries of social transfers in

kind of educational services are members of

households from quintile 1 to 4, who receive

essential education services (preschool and

primary). In contrast, quintile 5 are students of

professional education.

Access to educational services by quintile

CENDI (T.E.)

CBTIS (T.E.)

Normal (T.E.)

Master´s /

Doctorate

CETIS (T.E.)

Preschool

High school

Preschool

Middle school

Elementary school

D63R2 Social transfers in kind of health

• The drop-in health services provided to

households, mainly in quintiles 1 and 2 is from

the adjustment of the change in the health

system that occurred in 2019 and is reflected

in the results of 2020.

Behavior of the records of insured persons by quintile of

adjusted income.

Consumption

Consumption patterns by quintiles, 2020

• Consumption patterns

tend to be more

homogeneous between

groups but follow the

principle of income

level and preferences

• The destination of the

income of low-income

households is food,

miscellaneous, and

household services

(fuel and electricity),

which could be called

their autonomous

consumption.

Household consumption patterns by the main source of income, 2020

• There is not so

much discrepancy in

its intra-household

percentage

composition in the

household services,

clothing and

footwear

consumption groups.

• The contributions of

the consumption

patterns with the

greatest discrepancy

between the 5 main

sources of income is

that of food and non-

alcoholic beverages.

SAVING

Saving as a percentage of equivalent disposable income, 2008-2020

The reduction in dissaving to -18% of households located in the lowest distribution level in 2020 is explained by

implementing 19 priority social programs to support the sectors most affected by the pandemic in the short term.

-18%

-26%

-60%

-50%

-40%

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

2020201820162014201220102008

Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5

32

Disposable Income (B6). Proportion concerning the

household average, 2008-2020.

Quintile 2018 2020

Q1 0.3 0.3

Q2 0.4 0.5

Q3 0.6 0.7

Q4 0.9 1.0

Q5 3.1 2.9

3.4

2.9

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Ratio reduction

(Q5) compared to

the average from

2008 to 2020

Ratio values ​​for the last

two years

Effective Final Consumption (P4). The proportion

concerning the household average, 2008-2020.

33

Quintile 2018 2020

Q1 0.5 0.5

Q2 0.7 0.7

Q3 0.8 0.8

Q4 1.1 1.1

Q5 2.2 2.0

Ratio reduction

(Q5) compared to

the average from

2008 to 2020

Ratio values ​​for the last

two years

2.2

2.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

34

Disposable Income per capita and average consumption benchmarks, 2020

2,802

4,174 5,032

6,202 7,263

8,581 10,500

13,288

18,774

56,902

783

1,414 1,930

2,419

3,069

3,796 4,786

6,276

8,648

19,623

9,472

4,349

2,407

600

6,000

60,000

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

P e

s o

s (

e s

c a

la l o

g a

rí tm

ic a

)

Decil

Ingreso disponible per cápita mensual (B6-MEDIDCAH) Ingreso corriente per cápita mensual (ENIGH)

Gastos de consumo (media nacional) Gastos de consumo indispensables (media nacional)

Gastos de consumo alimentos (media nacional) Linea de pobreza por ingresos

Note: This is considering that the income poverty line remains unchanged by CONEVAL.

6,0325,032

per capita monthly disposable income (B6-MEDIDCAH) consumer spending (national average) food consumption expenditure (national average)

monthly per capita current income (ENIGH) essential consumer spending (national average) income poverty line

SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Sociodemographic characteristics, 2020

Largest group

Adults predominate from 45 to 65 years old

Minors

predominate

Challenges 37

38

Pareto tail adjustment

The household survey microdata presents an underestimation in the tails of the distribution,

particularly in the upper end. Therefore, it is evaluated to use Pareto distributions to add households

that are not being captured in the survey, mainly due to the lack of data—responses from higher-

income respondents.

It worked on the problem of the lack of response in the distribution at the upper end of the Available

Income (B6) for the year 2020, making an adjustment and verifying the existence of Pareto

distributions

Steps to follow:

2

3

the goodness-of-fit

tests

the adjustment of the microdata is

made with the missing observations.

the shape of

the tail1

ObjetivoChallenges

Continue developing the following issues that will allow addressing the actions indicated in

the workplan of the new Data Gaps Initiative (DGI3-G20), related to the issue of

information gaps on the distribution of households.

✓ Correct the biases in the upper part of the distribution with Pareto distributions for all

income and consumption variables.

✓ Include distributions by decile in recurring calculations.

✓ Address the issue of wealth distribution.

✓ Start with microsimulation models to improve data relevance.

THANK YOU

Wellbeing and Sustainability Session

Statistics derived from the NA of Mexico that contribute to well- being and sustainability approach

Francisco Guillén Martín April, 2023

INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE MEASUREMENT OF

WELL-BEING INFORMATION

Promote the use and

exploitation of

information

Guarantee the recurrence,

consistency and timeliness

of the information

Economic, social and

environmental

information on well-

being

Inter-institutional

coordination: economic,

social and environmental

sector in Collegiate

Working Groups

System of National Accounts of Mexico: Satellite

Accounts: Information offered to users regarding well-being

Satellite Account Information available

Macroeconomic variables Other information

Unpaid work • Value of unpaid work in domestic and care work (Current and constant values)

• Hours per week • Information by sex • Production of self-consumption goods • Cost per hour

Housing • Production accounts (current and constant values) • Supply and use (Current and constant values) • Housing Financing

• Job positions

Environmental Accounting • Environmentally Adjusted Net Domestic Product (PINE, by its Spanish acronym)

• Total Costs for Depletion and Environmental Degradation

• Global supply and demand of goods and services net environmentally adjusted

• Spending on environmental protection

• Balance of economic and environmental assets

• Hybrid table of activities and products related to water

• Material flow account • Balance of available timber forest area • Balance of produced and non-produced

economic assets

Satellite

Account

Information available

Macroeconomic variables Other information

Culture • Production accounts (current and constant values)

• Supply and use of cultural goods and services (Current and constant values)

• Expenditure and financing (Current and constant values)

• Job positions • Non-monetary data (cultural infrastructure,

attendance at cultural events, employed persons)

Health • Production accounts (current and constant values)

• Supply and use of the health sector • Current and constant values

• Traditional medicine production accounts • Job positions • Hours per week of unpaid work in health care

Non profit Institutions • Production accounts (current and constant values)

• Paid staff • Voluntary work

System of National Accounts of Mexico: Satellite

Accounts: Information offered to users regarding well-being

National accounting has evolved through satellite accounts to generate information to

help measure well-being and sustainable development

For over 10 years, The Mexican unpaid household work satellite

account has provided key information key for evaluating progress in

equality between women and men.

Traditional National

Accounting

NEW PARADIGM Incorporates the

measurement of well- being through satellite

accounts

Traditional Approach Towards the Wellness Approach

and

Percentage share

of GDP 2020

Environmental accounts

Some of the main results of the Satellite Accounts of Mexico

Unpaid work in

households

Tourism HousingHealth Environmental

cost (depletion and degradation)

Culture Non-profit institutions

Environmental Protection

Expenditures

26.3%

7.5% 6.2% 5.7% 4.6% 3.0% 2.9% 0.5%

➢ GDP of the study sector as share to GDP of Total economy

(Percentage 2021)

Tourism Non-profit institutions

Health Unpaid work in households

Quarterly indicators of tourism activity

Culture Housing

8

2023

• Update of Househ old Sector Accoun ts, Base 2018.

2022

•4th financial year 2008- 2020 with demogra phic indicators

2021

• Publica tion of results on the OECD page

2020

• 3rd

exercise 2008-2018

2019

• Study of the new recomm endatio ns

•Methodol ogy EG DNA.

•2nd exercise (2008- 2016)

2018

• Househ olds databa se

• 1st exercis e (2008+ 2012)

Mexican Experience on DNA

• 6 years timeline: 2018

• Participation in the OECD-EGDNA Group. • Analysis of distributive statistical sources (field: Micro - Macro). • Development first exercise, Series 2008-2012, without

adjustments to the ENIGH concepts. 2019

• Study and implementation of the progress of the Manual on the distribution of Household Income, Consumption, and Savings in line with the National Accounts.

• Development of the 2nd. Exercise, Series 2008-2016 2020

• Elaboration of the 3rd. exercise applying the final methodological guidelines embodied in the "Methodology and results of the 2020 collection round" of the OECD. Series 2008-2018.

2021 • Publication of results on the OECD website, Series 2008-2018. • Analysis of results and trends for the study of bias in the last

quintile. 2022

• Update of the series, which has added the 2020 financial year and the information record of the "main source of income" and "type of household" tables for the 2008-2020 biennial series.

2023 • Update of the macroeconomic aggregates of the Household

Sector from the change in the base year of the national accounts, series 2008-2022.

• Review of the R script developed by the OECD of the centralized approach in compiling distribution results.

• Continue with the study of the Pareto method.

These results have been possible thanks to the assistance and feedback from EG DNA.

** The series are biennial, given the periodicity of the ENIGH, a source of information for the distribution of transactions.

Distributional National Accounts

9

Disposable Income per capita and average consumption benchmarks, 2020

2,802

4,174 5,032

6,202 7,263

8,581 10,500

13,288

18,774

56,902

783

1,414 1,930

2,419 3,069

3,796 4,786 6,276

8,648

19,623

9,472

4,349

2,407

600

6,000

60,000

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

P e

s o

s (

e s

c a

la l o

g a

rí tm

ic a

)

Decil

Ingreso disponible per cápita mensual (B6-MEDIDCAH) Ingreso corriente per cápita mensual (ENIGH) Gastos de consumo (media nacional) Gastos de consumo indispensables (media nacional) Gastos de consumo alimentos (media nacional) Linea de pobreza por ingresos

Note: This is considering that the income poverty line remains unchanged by CONEVAL.

6,0325,032

per capita monthly disposable income (B6-MEDIDCAH) consumer spending (national average) food consumption expenditure (national average)

monthly per capita current income (ENIGH) essential consumer spending (national average) income poverty line

Socio-demographic Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Total

Households 7,149,992 7,150,716 7,149,554 7,149,783 7,149,614 35,749,659

Consumption units 16,414,922 15,757,780 15,173,412 14,486,527 13,409,753 75,242,395

Highest level of education achieved (persons) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Total

Low 24,209,131 20,347,334 17,262,981 13,061,479 7,703,828 82,584,753

Middle 4,083,536 5,156,096 5,586,694 6,187,712 4,819,561 25,833,599

High 1,052,420 1,823,272 2,693,519 4,375,073 8,475,831 18,420,115 Sex (persons)

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Total

Females 15,366,841 14,226,382 13,202,469 12,025,767 10,727,323 65,548,782

Males 13,978,246 13,100,320 12,340,725 11,598,497 10,271,897 61,289,685

Main activity (persons) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Total

Employee1 6,414,609 7,861,223 8,631,012 9,176,892 8,641,087 40,724,823

Employer1 1,591,054 1,131,907 993,377 973,719 1,118,205 5,808,262

own- account worker 1 2,384,971 1,862,723 1,593,117 1,400,287 985,209 8,226,307

Unpaid family worker1 1,134,673 580,851 441,222 337,755 254,983 2,749,484

Student 2 6,800,542 5,637,093 4,517,611 3,553,858 2,653,320 23,162,424

Retired2 174,729 515,839 801,275 1,074,258 1,818,428 4,384,529

Unemployed1 906,800 749,835 722,284 538,096 339,746 3,256,761

Not classifiable2 9,937,709 8,987,231 7,843,296 6,569,399 5,188,242 38,525,877

Socio-demographic information , 2020

1: segmento LFPR; 2: segmento NLFPR

System of National Accounts of Mexico Model of the Statistical and Geographical Process (MPEG, by its

Spanish acronym)

INPUT Structured need for information

Documentation of needs

Design Construction

Detailed methodology to satisfy the structured need for information and technological infrastructure

INPUT Primary data and

other data sources Data capture

Captured data set

Processing

Processing data set

Information set

OUTPUT Output

presentations

INPUT Inputs for the Assessment

Processing assessment

OUTPUT Improvement proposal for

the next cycle

Production analysis

Information dissemination

Recurring work with users of information

12

Texto editable

✓ The way to communicate the topics and results to the data User depends on the type and level in question.

✓ For User with a decision-making profile, simple language is used with an emphasis on the main results of the product and its possible applications.

✓ For User of technical level, the approach is carried out with the use of the methodology.

✓ For general User the language used is based on examples and dynamics close to their fields of study.

Collegiate Working Groups 13

Texto editable

✓ We make recurrent presentations of the projects, through workshops and seminars

to disseminate the knowledge and use of

the products of the National Accounts of

Mexico to accompany users in a better

use.

✓ User confidence, depth of knowledge,

and feedback are fostered.

✓ We apply a questionnaire to know if the communication is adequate for the better understanding of the projects and to identify what other topics or details are required to complement the knowledge.

General Housing Law

General Law on Climate

Change

National Biodiversity Strategy

of Mexico and action plan

2016-2030

Among other examples

Uses in public policy

The results of the Satellite Accounts are used for planning or regulation in different areas related to Well-being

6

9

10

…

National Development Plan

2019-2024

Tourism Sector Program 2019-

2024

General Law of Ecological Balance

and Environmental Protection

Querétaro State Volunteer Law

Initiative

1

2

3

5

Initiative to reform the Federal Law

for the Promotion of the Activities

of Civil Society Organizations4

National Program for Equality

between Women and Men

2020-2024

8

National Housing Program

2019-20247

THANK YOU

Towards the Digital Economy: The Case of Mexico

Francisco Guillén Martín Deputy Director General of National Accounts Meeting of the National Accounts Expert Group 25-27, 2023, Geneva

• Body Level One

• Body Level Two

• Body Level Three

• Body Level Four

• Body Level Five

Title Text

Title Text Topics

1

2 Advancements in measuring the Digital Economy

Background

3 Mexico's Case Towards the Digital Economy

25-27 Abril 2023, Ginebra

Background Towards the digital economy 4

https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/vabcoel/

February 10, 2023

Gross Value Added (GVA) of e-commerce 2013 - 2021p

Base year 2013

In 2018, for the first time, INEGI presented an estimate of the Gross Value Added (GVA) of E-commerce as an approximation to estimate the Digital Economy

Towards a more detail approach the digital economy: Gross Value Added (GVA) of e-

commerce

Coverage: National

Frequency: Annual

Publication

Background

Base year 2013

Gross Value Added (GVA) of E-commerce

1

EC

Economic Census 2014

2

SUT

Supply and Use Tables 2013

3

ATS

Annual Trade Survey

4

GSA

Goods and Services

Account, period

For estimating the base year 2013 For the estimation of the series 2014 -

2021

Sources of information

Background

PROCEDIMIENTOS APLICADOS

E-commerce census factor

Trade margins of Supply and

Use Tables (SUT)

Estimation of e-commerce

for goods

Ratios GVA SUT / P

E-commerce census factor Use of services

SUT

Estimation of electronic

commerce for services

Ratios GVA SUT / P

SUT.- Supply and Use Tables GVA.- Gross Value Added P.- Production

Base year 2013 Gross Value Added (GVA) of E-commerce

Background

Share in GDP

2013

3.0 %

2014

3.4 %

2015

3.6 %

2016

4.1 %

2017

4.6 %

2018

4.9 %

2019

5.8 % 5.8 %

2020r

R: Revised P: preliminary

2021p

5.8 %

Base year 2013 Gross Value Added (GVA) of E-commerce

Serie 2013 - 2021p

Background

R: Revised P: preliminary

Base year 2013 Gross Value Added (GVA) of E-commerce

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020r 2021p

Retail tradeOther services Wholesale trade

% Structure by type of commerce

Serie 2013 – 2021p

Other services include activities that made sales through electronic means, other than wholesale and retail trade.

Advances in Measuring the Digital Economy

25-27 April 2023, Geneva

Advances in Measuring the Digital Economy

GVA Digital Products Base year 2013

In 2021 INEGI and the IMF collaborated to estimate an experimental statistic of the Gross Value Added of Digital Products to reinforce efforts to measure the Digital Economy in Mexico.

Balance of Payments (BoP)

System of National Accounts (SNA) 2008 to 2025

International recommendations proposed for updating are being considered

1

2

Advances in Measuring the Digital Economy

GVA Digital Products

1. Catalogue of Products

(CE14) 2. Guidance for the Digital Economy

Supply and Use Tables (OECD, 2018 and 2020)

3. Identify digital products: CPC 2.1.

correspondences to CPC 2.0 and NAICS. 4. digital products (%)

in Production for 2013SUT 2013

Classification CPC 2.1

5. Calculate the GVA/P ratios by

activity type in the series

6. EstimatesThe GVA of digital and non-

digital products 2013- 2018.

7. The GVA of e- commerce is

included. 8. Digital products GDP shares

Goods and Services Account

(Series 2014- 2018)

Sources of information / Procedure applied

Base year 2013

P Production CE Economic Census 2014

Advances in Measuring the Digital Economy

VAB E-Commerce and Digital Products

Experimental Statistics of the Digital Economy.

% GDP 6.40% 7.00% 7.30% 7.60% 8.10% 8.50%

ICT Products 3.00% 3.10% 3.30% 3.10% 3.10% 3.10%

Content and media Products 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40%

E-commerce 3.00% 3.40% 3.60% 4.10% 4.60% 5.00%

Advances in Measuring the Digital Economy

VAB E-Commerce and Digital Products

Base year 2013

Share of GDP

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

6.4%

7.0%

7.3%

7.6% 8.1%

8.5%

Towards the Digital Economy: The Case of Mexico

April 25-27, 2023, Geneva.

Towards the Digital Economy: The Case of Mexico

Digital Economy

Estimates based on the basic and derived information from 2018 to face the challenge of making the Digital Economy more visible in the macroeconomic statistics of the National System of Statistical and Geographical Information.

Base year 2013

1 Derived Information

2

 Census  Surveys  RA’s

 SUT  GSA

Reprocessing

Innovations from the Change of Base Year 2013 to 2018.

Towards the Digital Economy: The Case of Mexico Base year 2013

Inovation in the Update of the SCNM

The estimates for Digital Economy framework will include the following information:

E-commerce GVA 2013-2021

Digital SUT

Towards the Digital Economy: The Case of Mexico

Publication date

Calendar of Dissemination of Statistical, Geographical, and National Interest Information

Experimental statistics

GVA E- commerce

Digital Economy,

2018

Series Annual

National

2013-2021p Quinquennial

National

Supply

UseInnovation Products, Base Year 2018

https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/saladeprensa/ calendario/default.html.

UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE CONFERENCE OF EUROPEAN STATISTICIANS Group of Experts on Measuring Poverty and Inequality 8-9 December 2022 Workshop on Harmonization of Poverty Statistics to Measure SDG 1 and 10 7 December 2022

Title of contribution National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure (ENIGH) Author Name Edgar Vielma Author Organization Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) Topic Impact of global shocks on poverty and inequality Summary: The National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure (ENIGH, by its acronym in Spanish) gives a statistical overview of the behavior of household income and expenses in terms of amount, origin, and distribution, including current monetary expenditure. The ENIGH measures consumption expenditure considering the purchase value of goods and services and whether they were paid in full in the reference period. The expenditure items captured by the survey are food, drinks, and tobacco; clothes and footwear; housing and conservation services; electricity and fuel; dwelling maintenance care; health, transportation, education; and personal care. Regarding mobility by household cars, the survey inquiries about spending on gasoline and the main petroleum-derived inputs (oils and tires); for public transportation users, it collects the amounts spent on this service. Regarding direct household inputs, it asks about spending on electricity, gas, coal, or other fuel for heating. Thanks to its biennial periodicity, ENIGH permits quantifying the change in spending on energy goods from 2018 to 2020. This statistical information allows decision-makers to quantify households' energy expenditure, in addition to knowing whether the increase in prices implied that the proportion of spending on these items is higher, which would impact the consumption of other essential goods. It is possible to identify the groups with the most significant increase in their current expenditure before and during the first COVID impact, emphasizing the lowest income deciles or vulnerable groups. Please select your preferred contribution (you may select both options): X Presentation ☐ Paper

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ОБЪЕДИНЕННЫХ НАЦИЙ ЕВРОПЕЙСКАЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ КОМИССИЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ ЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ СТАТИСТИКОВ Группа экспертов по измерению бедности и неравенства 8-9 декабря 2022 года Семинар по гармонизации статистики бедности для измерения прогресса в достижении ЦУР 1 и 10 7 декабря 2022 года

Название доклада Национальное обследование доходов и расходов домохозяйств (ENIGH)

Имя автора Эдгар Виелма Организация автора Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) Тема Влияние глобальных потрясений на бедность и неравенство Резюме: Национальное обследование доходов и расходов домохозяйств (ENIGH, сокращение на испанском языке) дает статистический обзор характера изменения доходов и расходов домохозяйств в контексте суммы, происхождения и распределения, включая текущие денежные расходы. ENIGH измеряет расходы на потребление с учетом покупной стоимости товаров и услуг, а также с учетом того, были ли они оплачены полностью в учетный период. Потребительские расходы, фиксируемые в рамках обследования, - это расходы на продукты питания, напитки и табачные изделия; одежду и обувь; жилье и услуги по энергосбережению; электроэнергию и топливо; техническое обслуживание жилья; здравоохранение; транспорт; образование; а также предметы личной гигиены. Что касается передвижения на автомобилях, принадлежащих домохозяйству, в рамках обследования задаются вопросы о расходах на бензин и основные расходные материалы на основе нефти (масла и шины). Для тех, кто пользуется общественным транспортом, собирается информация о расходах на эти услуги. Что касается прямых вложений в домохозяйство, задаются вопросы о расходах на электроэнергию, газ, уголь или иное топливо для отопления. Благодаря тому, что обследование ENIGH проводится один раз в два года, оно позволяет численно оценить изменения в расходах на энергоносители с 2018 по 2020 год. Эта статистическая информация позволяет лицам, принимающим решения, количественно оценить расходы домохозяйств на энергию, а также узнать, означает ли повышение цен увеличение доли расходов на эти товары, что повлияет на потребление других товаров первой необходимости. Можно определить группы с наиболее значительным увеличением их текущих расходов до и во время первого воздействия COVID, уделяя особое внимание децилям с самым низким доходом или уязвимым группам. Выберите предпочтительный способ участия (можно выбрать оба варианта): X Презентация ☐ Статья

8-9 December

Impact of global shocks on poverty and inequality

National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure

(ENIGH, by its acronym in Spanish)

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

Conference of European Statisticians

Group of Experts on Measuring Poverty and Inequality

MEc. Edgar Vielma Orozco General Director of Sociodemographic Statistics

Objective

1. The recent COVID-19 crisis showed that the lockdown, social distance

measures, and the closure of the economy in Mexico brought adverse

effects that impacted the household economy, directly affecting income,

employment, and expenses. Based on the above, the behavior of current

monetary expenditure will be analyzed by income deciles and each of the

major expenditure items in rural and urban areas.

2. Observe the change in household spending in Mexico, starting with the

COVID-19 pandemic, identifying the increase in healthcare spending in

2020 compared to 2018.

Objective

3. In times of uncertainty due to health, economic and financial crises, it is

essential to have information that allows decision-makers to implement the

necessary actions to reduce the adverse effects on the household

economy. The National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure

(ENIGH, in Spanish) has cross-sectional measurements that allow

identifying the impacts of the price increases of 2020, as well as the

allocations that households make to their expenses.

4. The results indicate that households with lower incomes are the most

affected due to the loss of purchasing power.

Methodological aspects

The data source was the 2018 and 2020

National Survey of Household Income and

Expenditure editions. Both were

conducted from August 21 to November

28.

It aims to present an overview of the

behavior of income and expenditure at

the household level in terms of amount,

origin, and distribution.

Additionally, ENIGH provides

information on labor participation and

the socio-demographic characteristics

of household members. It also includes

information on dwelling characteristics

and equipment.

This data source, by its periodicity and

the level of geographical

disaggregation, was designed to

generate a rigorous diagnosis.

1

2

3

4

Initially, the design of the ENIGH

focused on the need to provide

information to update the National

Consumer Price Index weights.

However, the data collected by the

survey has had many other uses in the

last few years, mainly to measure

poverty.

In 2018 and 2020 the ENIGH continued to generate

the improved indicators of 2016, which implies:

1. The sample size is the largest in the

country's history for a survey of income

and expenditures.

2. Allows representativeness at the state

level with estimates for urban and rural

domains.

3. Measures both income and

expenditure.

4. Operationally, it remains the most

supervised project that has been carried

out in this area so far.

5. Strength in training permits interviewers

to be more attached to methodological

definitions.

6. It has an automated tracking report

system that supports supervision and

control.

5

Characteristic Description

Target population The national and foreign households within the country's boundaries.

Observation unit The household, the dwelling, and the householders.

Geographical

coverage

The survey is designed to provide results at the following levels:

• National

• Urban-Rural

• At the state level, with estimates for urban and rural domains.

Sample Design

• Probabilistic: The sampling units have a known probability different from zero of being

selected.

• Stratified: The sampling units with similar characteristics and that belong to localities of the

same size are grouped to form strata.

• Conglomerates: The sample units with distinct characteristics that belong to localities of the

same size are grouped to form the primary sampling units (PSU).

• Double stage: Dwellings are selected in two steps: primary sampling units (groups of blocks)

and housings.

Sample size 105,483 households represent a population of 126,760,856.

Survey date From August 21 to November 28, 2020.

Main methodological characteristics

Questionnaire of

households and housing

Household expenses

questionnaire

Questionnaire for people aged 12 and over

Questionnaire for home

businesses

Questionnaire for people under 12 years

old

The questionnaires and booklet used in the ENIGH

2020

Booklet of daily expenses

In 2020, it was considered to carry out a

survey that complemented the ENIGH,

called Seasonal ENIGH (ENIGH E).

1. The Survey captures seasonal and temporal

events that affect household income and

expenditure outcomes.

2. Its objective is to provide a statistical

overview of household income and

expenditure's seasonal and temporal

behavior in terms of their amount, origin, and

distribution over a year.

3. ENIGH E presents the phenomenon's

evolution concerning its predecessor year,

ENIGH 2018, and provides an economic

overview of Mexico before the health

contingency caused by COVID-19.

4. The results of the ENIGH E also allowed us

to compare the income and expenditures of

households captured between January and

March 2020.

Questionnaire of

households and housing

Household expenses

questionnaire

Questionnaire for people aged 12 and over

Questionnaire for home

businesses

Questionnaire for people under 12 years

old

The questionnaires and booklet used in the ENIGH

2020

Booklet of daily expenses

In 2020, it was considered to carry out a

survey that complemented the ENIGH,

called Seasonal ENIGH (ENIGH E).

5. ENIGH E also allows to measure the change

with the results of the ENIGH 2020,

motivated by the measures of confinement of

the population and the closure of economic

activity that led to changes in income and

expenditure in Mexican households.

6. ENIGH E and ENIGH have the same

conceptual and methodological elements,

thus preserving consistency.

7. A difference between the programs is that

each contains sample sizes of different

magnitudes. in the case of ENIGH E, its size

only allows for generating results at the

national level.

ENIGH

Reference period

Sources of income and

Large items of expenditure

February March April May June July August September October November

Income from work

Property Rent

Transfers

Estimation of the rent of the house

Other current income

Spending on food, beverages, and tobacco

Spending on clothing and footwear

Spending on housing and conservation services; Electric power, and

fuels

Spending on items and services for cleaning and care of the house;

glassware, whites and household utensils; household goods and furniture

Health Care Spending

Transportation expenditure; acquisition, maintenance, accessories, and

services for vehicles; and communications

Expenditure on education and leisure items and services; Tour and

Party Packages, Lodging and Accommodation

Spending on personal care; accessories and personal effects; and

other miscellaneous expenses

Expenditure transfers

Diagram 1. Reference period of the income and expenditure of ENIGH 2020, according to concept or item

Seasonal ENIGH

Reference period

Sources of income and

Large items of expenditure

2019 2020

July August September October November December January February March

Income from work

Property Rent

Transfers

Estimation of the rent of the house

Other current income

Spending on food, beverages, and tobacco

Spending on clothing and footwear

Spending on housing and conservation services; Electric power, and

fuels

Spending on items and services for cleaning and care of the house;

glassware, whites and household utensils; household goods and furniture

Health Care Spending

Transportation expenditure; acquisition, maintenance, accessories, and

services for vehicles; and communications

Expenditure on education and leisure items and services; Tour and

Party Packages, Lodging and Accommodation

Spending on personal care; accessories and personal effects; and

other miscellaneous expenses

Expenditure transfers

Diagram 2. According to concept or item, the reference period of income and expenditure of ENIGH E 1-2020.

Conceptual design

WEALTHREGULARITY

Conceptual

Design

Income sources must be

regular and subject to an

uninterrupted flow in each

period.

AVAILABILITY

Income sources must

contribute to economic

well-being; that is, they

must be available to

purchase goods and

services that the

household can use.

These income sources

should not include the flows

that modify the net wealth or

the net value of the assets

and debts of the household.

INCLUSION CRITERIA EXCLUSION CRITERIA

Current expenditures:

A household's expenditures are the expenses that

satisfy its needs and commitments.

A

Methods to measure consumption expenditure:

ENIGH measures consumption expenditure considering

the purchase value of goods and services and whether

they were paid in full in the reference period.

B

Given the transactional role of money, the total current income

splits into current monetary and non-monetary income

1. Food, beverages, and tobacco;

2. Clothing and footwear;

3. Housing and conservation services; Electric power and fuels;

4. Items and services for cleaning and care of the house;

glassware, whites, and household utensils; household goods

and furniture;

5. Healthcare Spending;

6. Transportation expenditure; acquisition, maintenance,

accessories, vehicles services; and communications;

7. Expenditure on education, leisure items, and services; Tour

and Party Packages, Lodging, and Accommodation;

8. Personal care; accessories, personal effects, and other

miscellaneous expenditures;

9. Expenditure transfers.

By composition, the

current monetary

expenditure of

households is grouped

into nine items:

Results

Average quarterly current monetary expenditure by income deciles, by survey year

Dollars, at constant 2020 prices

Decile ENIGH 2018 ENIGH 2020 Percentage

Change

I 503 553 9.81%

II 715 690 -3.54%

III 867 826 -4.70%

IV 1,021 954 -6.50%

V 1,206 1,086 -9.98%

VI 1,370 1,234 -9.91%

VII 1,601 1,424 -11.06%

VIII 1,902 1,650 -13.24%

IX 2,411 2,072 -14.07%

X 4,372 3,424 -21.68%

Total 1,597 1,391 -12.87 %

The average quarterly current monetary expenditure per household

of the ENIGH 2020 was 1,391 dollars, in contrast to 1,597 dollars in

the 2018 edition, which represents a decrease of about 13%.

Source: ENIGH 2018 and ENIGH 2020

Households and their current monetary expenditure in selected items

Percentage of current monetary expenditure

Item ENIGH 2018 ENIGH 2020 Percentage

Change

Foods and

beverages 35.22% 38.05% 2.83%

Clothing and

footwear 4.48% 2.99% -1.50%

Housing and

services 9.54% 10.98% 1.45%

Cleaning and

care of the house 5.87% 6.55% 0.68%

Transport and

communications 19.95% 18.56% -1.39%

Education and

leisure 12.11% 7.68% -4.43%

Personal care 7.40% 8.01% 0.60%

Healthcare 2.62% 4.23% 1.61%

Expenditure

transfers 2.80% 2.96% 0.16%

Source: ENIGH 2018 and ENIGH 2020 Source: ENIGH 2018 and ENIGH 2020

Foods and

beverages

Clothing and

footwear

Housing and

services

Cleaning and

care of the

house

Transport and

communications

Education and

leisure

Personal care Health care Expenditure

transfers

Thousands of dollars

D e

c ile

s

2020

URBAN

2018

URBAN

2018

RURAL

2020

RURAL

Source: ENIGH 2018 and ENIGH 2020

Households and their

total quarterly current

monetary expenditure,

by decile and by area

Source: ENIGH 2018 and ENIGH 2020

It e

m

Thousands of dollars

2020

RURAL

2020

URBAN

2018

URBAN

2018

RURAL

Households and their

total quarterly current

monetary expenditure,

by item and by area

Conclusions

+40% -19% -45%

Health

Care

Transportation Education and

Leisure

Destination of Expenditure

Households in Mexico, on average, during 2020, modified their consumption habits in:

Households in Mexico in 2020 adapted their consumption habits in the face of the global health crisis. First, they decreased

total average current monetary expenditure by almost 13%; The expenditure item that, on average, increased the most,

compared to 2018, was health care with 40.5%. On the other hand, the average expenditure on education decreased by

almost 45% and on transportation by nearly 19%. Finally, electricity power increased by 2%; however, it increased in all

income deciles.

+2%

Electricity

Power

Household expenditure

45%

FOODS

42%CLOTHING AND

FOOTWEAR

40%HEALTHCARE

PERSONAL

6%

EDUCATION AND

LEISURE

19%TRANSPORTATION

CLEANING 3%6%

EXPENDITURE

TRANSFERS 8%

Lower-income

22 %

10 %

13% GENERAL

Overall, households in Mexico reduced

their spending by 13%; households in the

first decile alone increased their average

current monetary expenditure by almost

10%.

Higher-income

Households with the lowest incomes increased

their quarterly average monetary expenditure by

almost 10%, as was the case of households in the

first income decile. The ENIGH 2020 reflects that

lower-income households increased their

expenses while higher incomes reduced them

considerably. Households in the highest income

decile reduced their monetary expenditure by

almost 22%.

• In summary, in 2020, household monetary expenditure fell significantly. However, lower-income

households saw increased spending, while high-income households decreased their monetary

disbursements.

• Faced with widespread healthcare needs, households sacrificed spending on education,

clothing, footwear, and transportation. On the other hand, spending on housing and domestic

services was an item of expenditure that increased across the board compared to 2018.

• Transportation spending increased in lower-income households but decreased significantly in

high-income households; Reductions explain this in fuel consumption, foreign transport, and, to

a lesser extent, by the fall in the acquisition of vehicles for private use.

• Expenditure on electricity consumption had a general increase in all deciles and urban and rural

areas.

• Gini Coefficient allows appreciation of income inequality. The value of this coefficient for income

with transfers by deciles of households was 0.415 in 2020. Besides, the Gini Coefficient will

enable us to appreciate the positive effects of transfers on income distribution. If 2020 there

were no income transfers, the concentration of these would have been higher because the Gini

coefficient would have had a value of 0.468 against 0.415 with transfers.

THANK YOU

8-9 декабря

Влияние глобальных потрясений на бедность и неравенство Национальное обследование доходов и расходов домохозяйств (ENIGH, сокращение на испанском языке)

Европейская экономическая комиссия Организации Объединенных Наций Конференция европейских статистиков

Группа экспертов по измерению бедности и неравенства

Эдгар Виелма Ороско Генеральный директор по вопросам демографической и социальной статистики

Цель

1. Недавний кризис, вызванный COVID-19, показал, что карантин, меры по соблюдению социальной дистанции и сокращение экономической активности в Мексике негативно повлияли на экономику домохозяйств, напрямую затронув доход, занятость и расходы. Исходя из вышесказанного, будут проанализированы характер текущих денежных расходов по доходным децилям, а также каждая из основных статей расходов в сельских и городских районах.

2. С начала пандемии COVID-19 наблюдается изменение расходов домохозяйств в Мексике и рост расходов на медицинское обслуживание в 2020 году по сравнению с 2018 годом.

Цель

3. Во времена неопределенности в связи с кризисом системы здравоохранения, экономическим и финансовым кризисом важно располагать информацией, которая позволит лицам, принимающим решения, предпринимать необходимые шаги, чтобы снизить это негативное влияние на экономику домохозяйств. В рамках Национального обследования доходов и расходов домохозяйств (ENIGH - от названия на испанском языке) проводятся сквозные измерения, которые позволяют определить влияние роста цен 2020 года, а также суммы, выделяемые домохозяйствами на расходы.

4. Результаты обследования указывают на то, что домохозяйства с более низкими доходами пострадали сильнее всего из-за утраты покупательской способности.

Методические аспекты

Источником данных послужили Национальные обследования доходов и расходов домохозяйств 2018 и 2020 годов. Оба обследования проводились с 21 августа по 28 ноября.

Обследование проводится с целью представить статистический обзор характера изменения доходов и расходов домохозяйств в контексте суммы, происхождения и распределения.

Кроме того, обследование ENIGH предоставляет информацию о доле экономически активного населения и социально-демографических характеристиках членов домохозяйств. Кроме того, оно включает информацию о характеристиках жилья и оборудования.

Этот источник данных в соответствии со своей периодичностью и уровнем географической разбивки был разработан с целью постановки четкого диагноза.

1

2

3

4

Поначалу обследование ENIGH проводилось с целью предоставить информацию для обновления весов Национального индекса потребительских цен. Однако данные, собранные при проведении обследования, нашли разнообразное применение в последние годы, главным образом для измерения бедности.

В 2018 и 2020 годах обследование ENIGH продолжило улучшать показатели 2016 года, что подразумевает:

1. Размер выборки - самый большой в истории страны для обследования доходов и расходов.

2. Обеспечивает репрезентативность на уровне штата с оценками для города и сельских территорий.

3. Измеряет как доходы, так и расходы.

4. С операционной точки зрения оно остается наиболее контролируемым проектом, реализованным в этой области на сегодняшний день.

5. Качественное обучение позволяет интервьюерам более точно придерживаться методологических определений.

6. В рамках обследования существует автоматизированная система отчетности, которая обеспечивает надзор и контроль.

5

Характеристика Описание

Целевое население Национальные и иностранные домохозяйства в пределах страны Единица

наблюдения Домохозяйство, жилище и домовладельцы.

Географический охват

Обследование должно предоставить результаты на следующих уровнях: • Национальный • Город-село • На уровне штата, с оценками для города и сельских территорий

Дизайн выборки

• Вероятностная: Единицы выборки имеют известную вероятность быть отобранными, отличную от нуля.

• Послойная: Единицы выборки со схожими характеристиками и принадлежащие к населенным пунктам одинакового размера группируются в слои.

• Группированная: Единицы выборки с различными характеристиками, принадлежащие населенным пунктам одинакового размера, группируются для формирования первичных единиц выборки (ПЕВ).

• Двухступенчатая: Жилища отбираются на двух ступенях: первичные единицы выборки (группы многоэтажных зданий) и жилища.

Размер выборки 105 483 домохозяйства представляют 126 760 856 человек Дата проведения

обследования С 21 августа по 28 ноября 2020 года

Основные методологические характеристики

Анкета домохозяйств и жилья

Анкета о домашних расходах

Анкета для лиц в возрасте 12 лет и старше

Анкета для домашнего бизнеса

Анкета для лиц младше 12 лет

Анкеты и буклет, использованные при проведении обследования ENIGH 2020

Буклет ежедневных расходов

В 2020 году было принято решение провести обследование, дополняющее ENIGH, под названием Сезонное обследование ENIGH (ENIGH E).

1. Обследование фиксирует сезонные и временные события, влияющие на доходы и расходы домохозяйств.

2. Его задача - дать статистический обзор характера сезонных и временных изменений доходов и расходов домохозяйств в контексте суммы, происхождения и распределения на протяжении года.

3. Обследование ENIGH E показывает развитие ситуации по сравнению с предшествующим годом (ENIGH 2018) и дает экономический обзор Мексики до появления непредвиденных обстоятельств в области здравоохранения, вызванных COVID-19.

4. Результаты обследования ENIGH E также позволили нам сравнить доходы и расходы домохозяйств, зафиксированные в период с января по март 2020 года.

Анкета домохозяйств и жилья

Анкета о домашних расходах

Анкета для лиц в возрасте 12 лет и старше

Анкета для домашнего бизнеса

Анкета для лиц младше 12 лет

Анкеты и буклет, использованные при проведении обследования ENIGH 2020

Буклет ежедневных расходов

В 2020 году было принято решение провести обследование, дополняющее ENIGH, под названием Сезонное обследование ENIGH (ENIGH E).

5. Помимо этого, ENIGH E позволяет оценить

изменение с учетом итогов ENIGH 2020,

вызванное карантинными мерами и

прекращением экономической деятельности,

которые привели к изменениям в доходах и

расходах мексиканских домохозяйств.

6. ENIGH E и ENIGH имеют одинаковые

концепцию и методологические элементы, тем

самым обеспечивается преемственность в

методах учета.

7. Отличие между программами состоит в том, что

выборки каждой из этих программ разной

величины. В случае обследования ENIGH E ее

размер позволяет получать результаты только

на национальном уровне.

ENIGH

Учетный период Источники дохода и Крупные статьи расходов

февраль март апрел ь май июнь июл

ь август сентябрь октябрь ноябрь

Доход от работы Аренда недвижимости Социальные выплаты Оценка аренды дома Прочие текущие доходы Расходы на продукты питания, напитки и табачные изделия Расходы на одежду и обувь Расходы на жилищно-эксплуатационные услуги; Электроэнергия и топливо

Расходы на предметы и услуги по уборке и уходу за домом; стеклянная посуда, фарфор и домашняя утварь; товары для дома и мебель

Расходы на медицинское обслуживание Транспортные расходы; приобретение, техническое обслуживание, аксессуары и услуги для транспортных средств; и связь

Расходы на образование и товары и услуги для досуга; Турпакеты и пакеты для вечеринок, проживание и размещение

Расходы на предметы личной гигиены; аксессуары и личные вещи; и другие разные расходы

Перераспределение расходов

Диаграмма 1. Учетный период доходов и расходов обследования ENIGH 2020, по концепции или статьям

Сезонное обследование ENIGH

Учетный период Источники дохода и Крупные статьи расходов

2019 2020

июл ь август сентябрь октябр

ь ноябрь декабрь январь феврал ь март

Доход от работы

Аренда недвижимости

Социальные выплаты

Оценка аренды дома

Прочие текущие доходы

Расходы на продукты питания, напитки и табачные изделия

Расходы на одежду и обувь

Расходы на жилищно-эксплуатационные услуги; Электроэнергия и топливо

Расходы на жилищно-эксплуатационные услуги; Электроэнергия и топливо

Расходы на медицинское обслуживание

Транспортные расходы; приобретение, техническое обслуживание, аксессуары и услуги для транспортных средств; и связь Расходы на образование и товары и услуги для досуга; Турпакеты и пакеты для вечеринок, проживание и размещение

Расходы на предметы личной гигиены; аксессуары и личные вещи; и другие разные расходы

Перераспределение расходов

Диаграмма 2. По концепции или статьям, учетный период доходов и расходов согласно ENIGH E 1-2020.

Концепция

БОГАТСТВОРЕГУЛЯРНОСТЬ

Концепция

Источники дохода должны быть регулярными и непрерывно поступать в течение каждого периода времени.

ДОСТУПНОСТЬ

Источники дохода должны способствовать экономическому благосостоянию; то есть они должны быть доступны для покупки товаров и услуг, которыми может пользоваться домохозяйство.

Эти источники дохода не должны включать потоки, которые изменяют чистое богатство или чистую стоимость активов и долгов домохозяйства.

КРИТЕРИИ ВКЛЮЧЕНИЯ КРИТЕРИИ ИСКЛЮЧЕНИЯ

Текущие расходы: Расходы домохозяйства – это расходы для

удовлетворения своих потребностей и выполнения обязательств.

A

Методы измерения потребительских расходов: ENIGH измеряет расходы на потребление с учетом покупной стоимости товаров и услуг и того, были ли

они полностью оплачены в учетном периоде.

B

Учитывая роль денег в транзакциях, общий текущий доход делится на текущий денежный и неденежный доход

1. Продукты питания, напитки и табак;

2. Одежда и обувь;

3. Жилищно-эксплуатационные услуги; Электроэнергия и топливо;

4. Предметы и услуги для уборки и ухода за домом; стеклянная посуда, фарфор и домашняя утварь; товары для дома и мебель;

5. Расходы на медицинское обслуживание;

6. Транспортные расходы; приобретение, техническое обслуживание, аксессуары, автомобильные услуги и связь;

7. Расходы на образование и товары и услуги для досуга; Турпакеты и пакеты для вечеринок, проживание и размещение;

8. Расходы на предметы личной гигиены; аксессуары и личные вещи; и другие разные расходы;

9. Перераспределение расходов.

По составу текущие денежные расходы домашних хозяйств группируются по 9 статьям расходов:

Результаты

Среднеквартальные текущие денежные расходы по доходным децилям, по годам исследования долларов в постоянных ценах 2020 года

Дециль ENIGH 2018 ENIGH 2020 Изменение

доли в процентах

I 503 553 9,81% II 715 690 -3,54% III 867 826 -4,70% IV 1 021 954 -6,50% V 1 206 1 086 -9,98% VI 1 370 1 234 -9,91% VII 1 601 1 424 -11,06% VIII 1 902 1 650 -13,24% IX 2 411 2 072 -14,07% X 4 372 3 424 -21,68%

Итого 1 597 1 391 -12,87 %

Среднеквартальные текущие денежные расходы одного домохозяйства согласно ENIGH 2020 составили 1391 доллар по сравнению с 1597 долларами по данным обследования 2018 года, что означает сокращение примерно на 13%.

Источник: ENIGH 2018 и ENIGH 2020

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

ENIGH 2020

ENIGH 2018

Expenditure transfers

Health carePersonalEducation and recreation

TransportCleaningHousingClothing and footwear

Foods 2.83% -1.50% 1.45% 0.68% -1.39% -4.43% 0.60% 1.61% 0.16%

Домохозяйства и их текущие денежные расходы по выбранным статьям

Статья расходов ENIGH 2018 ENIGH 2020 Изменение

доли в процентах

Продукты питания и напитки 35,22% 38,05% 2,83%

Одежда и обувь 4,48% 2,99% -1,50% Жилье и обслуживание 9,54% 10,98% 1,45% Уборка и обслуживание дома 5,87% 6,55% 0,68% Транспорт и коммуникации 19,95% 18,56% -1,39% Образование и досуг 12,11% 7,68% -4,43%

Уход за собой 7,40% 8,01% 0,60%

Здравоохранение 2,62% 4,23% 1,61% Перераспределени е расходов 2,80% 2,96% 0,16%

Источник: ENIGH 2018 и ENIGH 2020 Источник: ENIGH 2018 и ENIGH 2020

Продукты питания и напитки

Одежда и обувь Жилье и обслуживание

Уборка и обслуживание

дома

Транспорт и коммуникации

Образование и досуг

Уход за собой Медицинское

обслуживание

Перераспределе

ние расходов

Процент текущих денежных расходов

0 3,000,000 6,000,000 9,000,000 12,000,000 15,000,000

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X 1,657,150

10,296,340 1,861,547

12,694,529

1,089,515 6,175,784

1,182,379 6,914,846

904,942 5,014,400

956,729 5,548,573

789,016 4,269,793

821,618 4,632,577

676,998 3,768,455

719,327 4,103,315

597,289 3,305,192

622,366 3,532,880

536,984 2,932,555

540,359 3,125,878

457,797 2,559,890

471,346 2,633,673

390,888 2,195,789

397,942 2,232,748

324,810 1,795,979

298,284 1,642,391

Тысяч долларов

Де ци

ли

2020 ГОРОД

2018 ГОРОД

2018 СЕЛО

2020 СЕЛО

Источник: ENIGH 2018 и ENIGH 2020

Домохозяйства и их общие квартальные текущие денежные расходы, по децилям и по месту проживания

0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000

Expenditure transfers

Health care

Personal

Education and recreation

Transport

Cleaning

Housing

Clothing and footwear

Foods 3,188,488

15,736,063 3,205,029

16,141,817

266,939 1,217,996

384,786 2,077,161

500,639 4,962,323

484,485 4,754,383

532,193 2,724,552

491,485 2,732,446

1,322,730 7,909,784

1,465,873 9,494,589

414,114 3,405,463

743,376 5,910,308

611,331 3,371,366

610,751 3,456,442

397,893 1,706,807

293,409 1,148,454

191,063 1,279,822

192,703

Источник: ENIGH 2018 и ENIGH 2020

С та

ть я

ра сх

од ов

Тысяч долларов

2020 СЕЛО

2020 ГОРОД

2018 ГОРОД

2018 СЕЛО

Домохозяйства и их общие квартальные текущие денежные расходы, по статьям расходов и по месту проживания

Продукты питания

Одежда и обувь

Жилье

Уборка

Транспорт

Образован ие и отдых

Личные

Медицинс кое обслужива ние

Перераспр еделение расходов

Выводы

+40% -19% -45%

Медицинское обслуживание Транспорт Образование и досуг

Назначение расходов

Домохозяйства в Мексике в среднем в течение 2020 года изменили свои привычки потребления:

Домохозяйства Мексики в 2020 году адаптировали свои привычки потребления перед лицом глобального кризиса в сфере здравоохранения. Во-первых, они сократили общие средние текущие денежные расходы почти на 13%. Статья расходов, которая в среднем увеличилась больше всего по сравнению с 2018 годом, - это медицинское обслуживание (+40,5%). С другой стороны, средние расходы на образование сократились почти на 45%, а на транспорт - почти на 19%. Наконец, расходы на электроэнергию возросли на 2%, однако они возросли во всех доходных децилях.

+2%

Электроэнергия

Расходы домохозяйства

45% ПРОДУКТЫ ПИТАНИЯ

42%ОДЕЖДА И ОБУВЬ

40%МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЕ

ЛИЧНАЯ ГИГИЕНА

6%

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ И ДОСУГ

19%ТРАНСПОРТ

УБОРКА 3%6% ПЕРЕРАСПРЕД

ЕЛЕНИЕ РАСХОДОВ

8%

Более низкий уровень доходов

22 %

10 %

13% ВСЕГО

В целом, домохозяйства в Мексике сократили свои расходы на 13%,

домохозяйства только в первом дециле увеличили свои средние текущие денежные расходы почти на 10%.

Более высокий уровень доходов

Домохозяйства с самыми низкими доходами увеличили свои среднеквартальные денежные расходы почти на 10%, как и домохозяйства в первом доходном дециле. Обследование ENIGH 2020 года показывает, что домохозяйства с более низкими доходами увеличили свои расходы, в то время как домохозяйства с более высокими доходами значительно сократили их. Домохозяйства в дециле с самым высоким доходом сократили свои денежные расходы почти на 22%.

• Таким образом, в 2020 году денежные расходы домохозяйств значительно сократились. Однако домохозяйства с более низкими доходами увеличили расходы, а домохозяйства с высокими доходами сократили расходование своих средств.

• Столкнувшись с необходимостью больших расходов на медицинское обслуживание, домохозяйства пожертвовали расходами на образование, одежду, обувь и транспорт. С другой стороны, расходы на жилье и бытовые услуги были статьей расходов, которая увеличилась повсеместно по сравнению с 2018 годом.

• Расходы на транспорт увеличились в домохозяйствах с более низкими доходами, но значительно снизились в домохозяйствах с высокими доходами. Сокращения объясняются сниженным расходом топлива, иностранным транспортом и, в меньшей степени, падением числа автомобилей, приобретаемых в личное пользование.

• Расходы на потребление электроэнергии возросли во всех децилях в городских и сельских районах.

• Коэффициент Джини позволяет оценить неравенство доходов. Значение этого коэффициента для дохода путем социальных выплат по децилям домохозяйств в 2020 году составило 0,415. Кроме того, коэффициент Джини позволит нам оценить положительное влияние социальных выплат на распределение доходов. Если бы в 2020 году не было социальных выплат, концентрация доходов была бы выше, поскольку коэффициент Джини имел бы значение 0,468 по сравнению с 0,415 при наличии социальных выплат.

СПАСИБО